lyng/LYNG_AI_SPEC.md

Lyng Language AI Specification (V1.3)

High-density specification for LLMs. Reference this for all Lyng code generation.

1. Core Philosophy & Syntax

• Everything is an Expression: Blocks, if, when, for, while, do-while return their last expression (or void).
• Loops with else: for, while, and do-while support an optional else block.
  • else executes only if the loop finishes normally (without a break).
  • break <value> exits the loop and sets its return value.
  • Loop Return Value:
    1. Value from break <value>.
    2. Result of else block (if loop finished normally and else exists).
    3. Result of the last iteration (if loop finished normally and no else).
    4. void (if loop body never executed and no else).
• Implicit Coroutines: All functions are coroutines. No async/await. Use launch { ... } (returns Deferred) or flow { ... }.
• Variables: val (read-only), var (mutable). Supports late-init val in classes (must be assigned in init or body).
• Serialization: Use @Transient attribute before val/var or constructor parameters to exclude them from Lynon/JSON serialization. Transient fields are also ignored during == structural equality checks.
• Null Safety: ? (nullable type), ?. (safe access), ?( ) (safe invoke), ?{ } (safe block invoke), ?[ ] (safe index), ?: or ?? (elvis), ?= (assign-if-null).
• Equality: == (equals), != (not equals), === (ref identity), !== (ref not identity).
• Comparison: <, >, <=, >=, <=> (shuttle/spaceship, returns -1, 0, 1).
• Destructuring: val [a, b, rest...] = list. Supports nested [a, [b, c]] and splats.

2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• Multiple Inheritance: Supported with C3 MRO (Python-style). Diamond-safe.
• Header Arguments: class Foo(a, b) : Base(a) defines fields a, b and passes a to Base.
• Members: fun name(args) { ... }, val, var, static val, static fun.
• Properties (Get/Set): Pure accessors, no auto-backing fields.

  var age
      get() = _age
      private set(v) { if(v >= 0) _age = v }
  // Laconic syntax:
  val area get = π * r * r
  

• Mandatory override: Required for all members existing in the ancestor chain.
• Visibility: public (default), protected (subclasses and ancestors for overrides), private (this class instance only). private set / protected set allowed on properties.
• Disambiguation: this@Base.member() or (obj as Base).member(). as returns a qualified view.
• Abstract/Interface: interface is a synonym for abstract class. Both support state and constructors.
• Extensions: fun Class.ext() or val Class.ext get = .... Scope-isolated.

3. Delegation (by)

Unified model for val, var, and fun.

val x by MyDelegate()
var y by Map() // Uses "y" as key in map
fn f(a, b) by RemoteProxy() // Calls Proxy.invoke(thisRef, "f", a, b)

Delegate Methods:

• getValue(thisRef, name): for val/var.
• setValue(thisRef, name, val): for var.
• invoke(thisRef, name, args...): for fn (called if getValue is absent).
• bind(name, access, thisRef): optional hook called at declaration/binding time. access is DelegateAccess.Val, Var, or Callable.

4. Standard Library & Functional Built-ins

• Scope Functions:
  • obj.let { it... }: result of block. it is obj.
  • obj.apply { this... }: returns obj. this is obj.
  • obj.also { it... }: returns obj. it is obj.
  • obj.run { this... }: result of block. this is obj.
  • with(obj, { ... }): result of block. this is obj.
• Functional: forEach, map, filter, any, all, sum, count, sortedBy, flatten, flatMap, associateBy.
• Lazy: val x = cached { expensive() } (call as x()) or val x by lazy { ... }.
• Collections: List ( [a, b] ), Map ( Map(k => v) ), Set ( Set(a, b) ). MapEntry ( k => v ).

5. Patterns & Shorthands

• Map Literals: { key: value, identifier: } (identifier shorthand x: is x: x). Empty map is Map().
• Named Arguments: fun(y: 10, x: 5). Shorthand: Point(x:, y:).
• Varargs & Splats: fun f(args...), f(...otherList).
• Labels: loop@ for(x in list) { if(x == 0) break@loop }.
• Dynamic: val d = dynamic { get { name -> ... } } allows d.anyName.

6. Operators & Methods to Overload

Op	Method	Op	Method
+	plus	==	equals
-	minus	<=>	compareTo
*	mul	[]	getAt / putAt
/	div	!	logicalNot
%	mod	-	negate (unary)
=~	operatorMatch	+=	plusAssign

7. Common Snippets

// Multiple Inheritance and Properties
class Warrior(id, hp) : Character(id), HealthPool(hp) {
    override fun toString() = "Warrior #%s (%s HP)"(id, hp)
}

// Map entry and merging
val m = Map("a" => 1) + ("b" => 2)
m += "c" => 3

// Destructuring with splat
val [first, middle..., last] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

// Safe Navigation and Elvis
val companyName = person?.job?.company?.name ?? "Freelancer"

8. Standard Library Discovery

To collect data on the standard library and available APIs, AI should inspect:

• Global Symbols: lynglib/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/Script.kt (root functions like println, sqrt, assert).
• Core Type Members: lynglib/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/obj/*.kt (e.g., ObjList.kt, ObjString.kt, ObjMap.kt) for methods on built-in types.
• Lyng-side Extensions: lynglib/stdlib/lyng/root.lyng for high-level functional APIs (e.g., map, filter, any, lazy).
• I/O & Processes: lyngio/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/io/ for fs and process modules.
• Documentation: docs/*.md (e.g., tutorial.md, lyngio.md) for high-level usage and module overviews.