v0.5.1-SNAPSHOT: Exceptions Handling!

+shortcut throw "message"

.gitignore

@@ -13,3 +13,4 @@ xcuserdata
 *.gpg
 .gigaide
 /kotlin-js-store/yarn.lock
+/test.lyng

docs/OOP.md

@@ -1,6 +1,168 @@
 # OO implementation in Lyng
 
-Basic principles:
+## Declaration 
+
+The class clause looks like
+
+    class Point(x,y)
+    assert( Point is Class ) 
+    >>> void
+
+It creates new `Class` with two fields. Here is the more practical sample:
+
+    class Point(x,y) {
+        fun length() { sqrt(x*x + y*y) } 
+    }
+
+    val p = Point(3,4)
+    assert(p is Point)
+    assertEquals(5, p.length())
+    
+    // we can access the fields:
+    assert( p.x == 3 )
+    assert( p.y == 4 )
+    
+    // we can assign new values to fields:
+    p.x = 1
+    p.y = 1
+    assertEquals(sqrt(2), p.length())
+    >>> void
+
+
+Let's see in details. The statement `class Point(x,y)` creates a class,
+with two field, which are mutable and publicly visible.`(x,y)` here
+is the [argument list], same as when defining a function. All together creates a class with
+a _constructor_ that requires two parameters for fields. So when creating it with
+`Point(10, 20)` we say _calling Point constructor_ with these parameters.
+
+Form now on `Point` is a class, it's type is `Class`, and we can create instances with it as in the
+example above.
+
+Class point has a _method_, or a _member function_ `length()` that uses its _fields_ `x` and `y` to
+calculate the magnitude. Length is called
+
+### default values in constructor
+
+Constructor arguments are the same as function arguments except visibility
+statements discussed later, there could be default values, ellipsis, etc.
+
+    class Point(x=0,y=0) 
+    val p = Point()
+    assert( p.x == 0 && p.y == 0 )
+    >>> void
+
+## Methods
+
+Functions defined inside a class body are methods, and unless declared
+`private` are available to be called from outside the class:
+
+    class Point(x,y) {
+        // public method declaration:
+        fun length() { sqrt(d2()) }
+
+        // private method:
+        private fun d2() {x*x + y*y}
+    }
+    val p = Point(3,4)
+    // private called from inside public: OK
+    assertEquals( 5, p.length() )
+    // but us not available directly
+    assertThrows { p.d2() }
+    void
+    >>> void
+
+## fields and visibility
+
+It is possible to add non-constructor fields:
+
+    class Point(x,y) {
+        fun length() { sqrt(x*x + y*y) } 
+    
+        // set at construction time:   
+        val initialLength = length()
+    }
+    val p = Point(3,4)
+    p.x = 3
+    p.y = 0
+    assertEquals( 3, p.length() )
+    // but initial length could not be changed after as declard val:
+    assert( p.initialLength == 5 )
+    >>> void
+
+### Mutable fields
+
+Are declared with var
+
+    class Point(x,y) {
+        var isSpecial = false
+    }
+    val p = Point(0,0)
+    assert( p.isSpecial == false )
+
+    p.isSpecial = true
+    assert( p.isSpecial == true )
+    >>> void
+
+### Private fields
+
+Private fields are visible only _inside the class instance_:
+
+    class SecretCounter {
+        private var count = 0
+        
+        fun increment() {
+            count++
+            void // hide counter
+        }
+        
+        fun isEnough() {
+            count > 10
+        }
+    }
+    val c = SecretCounter()
+    assert( c.isEnough() == false )
+    assert( c.increment() == void )
+    for( i in 0..10 ) c.increment()
+    assert( c.isEnough() )
+
+    // but the count is not available outside:
+    assertThrows { c.count }
+    void
+    >>> void
+
+It is possible to provide private constructor parameters so they can be
+set at construction but not available outside the class:
+
+    class SecretCounter(private var count = 0) {
+        // ...
+    }
+    val c = SecretCounter(10)
+    assertThrows { c.count }
+    void
+    >>> void
+
+## Default class methods
+
+In many cases it is necessary to implement custom comparison and `toString`, still
+each class is provided with default implementations:
+
+- default toString outputs class name and its _public_ fields.
+- default comparison compares compares all public fields in order of appearance.
+
+For example, for our class Point:
+
+    class Point(x,y)
+    assert( Point(1,2) == Point(1,2) )
+    assert( Point(1,2) !== Point(1,2) )
+    assert( Point(1,2) != Point(1,3) )
+    assert( Point(1,2) < Point(2,2) )
+    assert( Point(1,2) < Point(1,3) )
+    Point(1,1+1)
+    >>> Point(x=1,y=2)
+
+# Theory
+
+## Basic principles:
 
 - Everything is an instance of some class
 - Every class except Obj has at least one parent
@@ -71,41 +233,6 @@ Regular methods are called on instances as usual `instance.method()`. The method
 2. parents method: no guarantee but we enumerate parents in order of appearance;
 3. possible extension methods (scoped)
 
-# Defining a new class
-
-The class is a some data record with named fields and fixed order, in fact. To define a class,
-just Provide a name and a record like this:
-
-    // creating new class with main constructor
-    // with all fields public and mutable:
-
-    struct Point(x,y)
-    assert( Point is Class )
-    
-    // now we can create instance
-    val p1 = Point(3,4)
-
-    // is is of the newly created type:
-    assert( p1 is Point )
-
-    // we can read and write its fields:
-    assert( p1.x == 3 )
-    assert( p1.y == 4 )
-
-    p1.y++ 
-    assert( p1.y == 5 )
-
-    >>> void
-    
-Let's see in details. The statement `struct Point(x,y)` creates a struct, or public class,
-with two field, which are mutable and publicly visible, because it is _struct_. `(x,y)` here 
-is the [argument list], same as when defining a function. All together creates a class with
-a _constructor_ that requires two parameters for fields. So when creating it with
-`Point(10, 20)` we say _calling Point constructor_ with these parameters.
-
-Such declaration is identical to `class Point(var x,var y)` which does exactly the same.
-
-
 TBD
 
 [argument list](declaring_arguments.md)

docs/declaring_arguments.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Declaring arguments in Lyng
 
 It is a common thing that occurs in many places in Lyng, function declarations, 
-lambdas, struct and class declarations.
+lambdas and class declarations.
 
 ## Regular
 

docs/development/including_modules.md

@@ -39,22 +39,5 @@ We can just put the code into the module code:
 
 ## class initialization
 
-    class foo {
-        
-        private static var instanceCounter = 0
-        
-        val instanceId = instanceCounter
-        
-        fun close() {
-            instanceCounter--
-        }
-
-        // instance initializatino could be as this:
-        if( instanceId > 100 )
-            throw Exception("Too many instances")
-
-        static {
-            // static, one-per-class initializer could be posted here
-            instanceCounter = 1
-        }
-    }
+already done using `ObjInstance` class and instance-bound context with local
+context stored in ObjInstance and class constructor statement in ObjClass.

docs/exceptions_handling.md

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# Exceptions handling
+
+Exceptions are widely used in modern programming languages, so
+they are implemented also in Lyng and in the most complete way.
+
+# Exception classes
+
+Exceptions are throwing instances of some class that inherits `Exception`
+across the code. Below is the list of built-in exceptions. Note that
+only objects that inherit `Exception` can be thrown. For example:
+
+    assert( IllegalArgumentException() is Exception)
+    >>> void
+
+# Try statement: catching exceptions
+
+There general pattern is:
+
+```
+try_statement = try_clause, [catch_clause, ...], [finally_clause] 
+
+try_clause = "try", "{", statements, "}"
+
+catch_clause = "catch", [(full_catch | shorter_catch)], "{", statements "}"
+
+full_catch = "(", catch_var, ":", exception_class [, excetpion_class...], ")
+
+shorter_catch = "(", catch_var, ")"
+
+finally_clause = "{", statements, "}"
+```
+
+Let's in details.
+
+## Full catch block:
+
+    val result = try {
+        throw IllegalArgumentException("the test")
+    }
+    catch( x: IndexOutOfBoundsException, IllegalArgumentException) {
+        x.message
+    }
+    catch(x: Exception) {
+        "bad"
+    }
+    assertEquals(result, "the test")
+    >>> void
+
+Because our exception is listed in a first catch block, it is processed there.
+
+The full form allow a single catch block to process exceptions with specified classes and bind actual caught object to
+the given variable. This is most common and well known form, implemented like this or similar in many other languages,
+like Kotlin, Java or C++.
+
+## Shorter form
+
+When you want to catch _all_ the exceptions, you should write `catch(e: Exception)`,
+but it is somewhat redundant, so there is simpler variant:
+
+    val sample2 = try {
+        throw IllegalArgumentException("sample 2")
+    }
+    catch(x) {
+        x.message
+    }
+    assertEquals( sample2, "sample 2" )
+    >>> void
+
+But well most likely you will find default variable `it`, like in Kotlin, more than enough
+to catch all exceptions to, then you can write it even shorter:
+
+    val sample2 = try {
+        throw IllegalArgumentException("sample 3")
+    }
+    catch {
+        it.message
+    }
+    assertEquals( sample2, "sample 3" )
+    >>> void
+
+You can even check the type of the `it` and create more convenient and sophisticated processing logic. Such approach is
+used, for example, in Scala.
+
+# Conveying data with exceptions
+
+The simplest way is to provide exception string and `Exception` class:
+
+    try {
+        throw Exception("this is my exception")
+    }
+    catch {
+        it.message
+    }
+    >>> "this is my exception"
+
+This way, in turn, can also be shortened, as it is overly popular:
+
+    try {
+        throw "this is my exception"
+    }
+    catch {
+        it.message
+    }
+    >>> "this is my exception"
+
+The trick, though, works with strings only, and always provide `Exception` instances, which is good for debugging but
+most often not enough.
+
+# Custom error classes
+
+_this functionality is not yet released_
+
+# Standard exception classes
+
+| class                      | notes                                                 |
+|----------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
+| Exception                  | root of al throwable objects                          |
+| NullPointerException       |                                                       |
+| AssertionFailedException   |                                                       | 
+| ClassCastException         |                                                       |
+| IndexOutOfBoundsException  |                                                       |
+| IllegalArgumentException   |                                                       | 
+| IllegalAssignmentException | assigning to val, etc.                                |
+| SymbolNotDefinedException  |                                                       |
+| IterationEndException      | attempt to read iterator past end, `hasNext == false` |
+| AccessException            | attempt to access private members or like             |
+| UnknownException           | unexpected kotlin exception caught                    |
+|                            |                                                       |
+

docs/samples/sum.lyng

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+    Calculate the limit of Sum( f(n) )
+    until it reaches asymptotic limit 0.00001% change
+
+    return null or found limit
+*/
+fun findSumLimit(f) {
+    var sum = 0.0
+    for( n in 1..1000000 ) {
+        val s0 = sum
+        sum += f(n)
+        if( abs(sum - s0) / abs(sum) < 1.0e-6 ) {
+            println("limit reached after "+n+" rounds")
+            break sum
+        }
+        n++
+    }
+    else {
+        println("limit not reached")
+        null
+    }
+}
+
+val limit = findSumLimit { n -> 1.0/n/n }
+
+println("Result: "+limit)

docs/samples/сумма_ряда.lyng.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Пример расчета суммы ряда
+
+Рассмотрим как можно посчитать предел суммы ряда на lyng. Для наивной реализации
+представим что у нас есть функция рассчитывающая n-й член ряда. Тогда мы можем 
+считать сумму до тех пор, пока отклонение при расчете следующего члена не станет
+меньше чем заданная погрешность:
+
+    fun сумма_ряда(x, погрешность=0.0001, f) {
+        var сумма = 0
+        for( n in 1..100000) {
+            val следующая_сумма = сумма + f(x, n)
+            if( n > 1 && abs(следующая_сумма - сумма) < погрешность )
+                break следующая_сумма
+            сумма = следующая_сумма
+        }
+        else null
+    }
+
+Для проверки можно посчитать на хорошо известном ряду Меркатора
+
+$$ \ln(1+x)=x-{\dfrac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\dfrac {x^{3}}{3}}-\cdots =\sum \limits _{n=0}^{\infty }{\dfrac {(-1)^{n}x^{n+1}}{(n+1)}}=\sum \limits _{n=1}^{\infty }{\dfrac {(-1)^{n-1}x^{n}}{n}} $$
+
+Который в нашем случае для точки $ x = 1 $ можно записать так:
+
+    val x = сумма_ряда(1) { x, n -> 
+        val sign = if( n % 2 == 1 ) 1 else -1
+        sign * pow(x, n) / n
+    }
+
+Проверим:
+    
+    assert( x - ln(2) < 0.001 )
+
+В нашем примере есть изъян - погрешность вычисляется примитивно: `abs(следующая_сумма - сумма) < погрешность`, что совершенно неверно, если значения малы. Значительно более корректно вычислять погрешность, нормированную на диапазон сравниваемых величин:
+
+
+    fun погрешность(x0, x1) {
+        abs( x1 - x0 ) / (abs( x1 + x0 ) / 2.0)
+    }
+    // относительная погрешность одинакова и в разных диапазонах
+    assertEquals( погрешность(5,6), погрешность(0.005,0.006))
+
+Теперь мы могли бы написать более корректное сравнение для вещественных
+
+    // расхождение не больше 1% или сколько укажете:
+    fun почти_равны(a,b,epsilon=0.01) { 
+        погрешность(a,b) <= epsilon 
+    }
+    assert( почти_равны( 0.0005, 0.000501 ) )
+
+Во многих случаях вычисление $n+1$ члена значительно проще cчитается от предыдущего члена, в нашем случае это можно было бы записать через итератор, что мы вскоре добавим.
+
+(продолжение следует)

docs/tutorial.md

@@ -12,11 +12,10 @@ In other word, the code usually works as expected when you see it. So, nothing u
 __Other documents to read__ maybe after this one:
 
 - [Advanced topics](advanced_topics.md), [declaring arguments](declaring_arguments.md)
-- [OOP notes](OOP.md)
+- [OOP notes](OOP.md), [exception handling](exceptions_handling.md)
 - [math in Lyng](math.md)
 - Some class references: [List], [Real], [Range], [Iterable], [Iterator]
-- Some samples: [combinatorics](samples/combinatorics.lyng.md)
-    See [samples folder](samples)
+- Some samples: [combinatorics](samples/combinatorics.lyng.md), national vars and loops: [сумма ряда](samples/сумма_ряда.lyng.md). More at [samples folder](samples)
 
 # Expressions
 
@@ -555,16 +554,16 @@ Or, more neat:
 
 ## while
 
-Regular pre-condition while loop, as expression, loop returns it's last line result:
+Regular pre-condition while loop, as expression, loop returns the last expression as everything else:
 
     var count = 0
-    while( count < 5 ) {
-        count++
-        count * 10
-    }
-    >>> 50
+    val result = while( count < 5 ) count++
+    result
+    >>> 4
 
-We can break as usual:
+Notice it _is 4 because when count became 5, the loop body was not executed!_.
+
+We can break while as usual:
 
     var count = 0
     while( count < 5 ) {
@@ -683,6 +682,36 @@ So the returned value, as seen from diagram could be one of:
 - value returned from the `else` clause, of the loop was not broken
 - value returned from the last execution of loop body, if there was no `break` and no `else` clause.
 
+## do-while loops
+
+There works exactly as while loops but the body is executed prior to checking the while condition:
+
+    var i = 0
+    do { i++ } while( i < 1 )
+    i
+    >>> 1
+
+The important feature of the do-while loop is that the condition expression is
+evaluated on the body scope, e.g., variables, intruduced in the loop body are
+available in the condition:
+
+    do {
+        var continueLoop = false
+        "OK"
+    } while( continueLoop )
+    >>> "OK"
+
+This is sometimes convenient when condition is complex and has to be calculated inside the loop body. Notice the value returning by the loop:
+
+    fun readLine() { "done: result" }
+    val result = do {
+        val line = readLine()
+    } while( !line.startsWith("done:") )
+    result.drop(6)
+    >>> "result"
+
+Suppose readLine() here reads some stream of lines.
+
 
 ## For loops
 
@@ -724,6 +753,62 @@ We can use labels too:
     assert( search(["hello", "world"], 'z') == null)
     >>> void
 
+# Exception handling
+
+Very much like in Kotlin. Try block returns its body block result, if no exception was cauht, or the result from the catch block that caught the exception:
+
+    var error = "not caught"
+    var finallyCaught = false
+    val result = try {
+        throw IllegalArgumentException()
+        "invalid"
+    }
+    catch(nd: SymbolNotDefinedException) {
+        error = "bad catch"
+    }
+    catch(x: IllegalArgumentException) {
+        error = "no error"
+        "OK"
+    }
+    finally {
+        // finally does not affect returned value
+        "too bad"
+    }
+    assertEquals( "no error", error)
+    assertEquals( "OK", result)
+    >>> void
+
+There is shorter form of catch block when you want to catch any exception:
+
+    var caught = null
+    try {
+        throw IllegalArgumentException()
+    }
+    catch(t) { // same as catch(t: Exception), but simpler
+        caught = t
+    }
+    assert( caught is IllegalArgumentException )
+    >>> void
+
+And even shortest, for the Lying lang tradition, missing var is `it`:
+
+    var caught = null
+    try {
+        throw IllegalArgumentException()
+    }
+    catch { // same as catch(it: Exception), but simpler
+        caught = it
+    }
+    assert( caught is IllegalArgumentException )
+    >>> void
+
+It is possible to catch several exceptions in the same block too, use 
+`catch( varName: ExceptionClass1, ExceptionClass2)`, etc, use short form of throw and
+many more.
+
+- see [exception handling](exceptions_handling.md) for detailed exceptions tutorial and reference.
+
+
 # Self-assignments in expression
 
 There are auto-increments and auto-decrements:
@@ -792,7 +877,7 @@ See [Ranges](Range.md) for detailed documentation on it.
 
     // single line comment
     var result = null // here we will store the result
-    >>> void
+    >>> null
 
 # Integral data types
 
@@ -838,10 +923,36 @@ Are the same as in string literals with little difference:
 
 ## String details
 
+Strings are much like Kotlin ones:
+
+    "Hello".length
+    >>> 5
+And supports growing set of kotlin-borrowed operations, see below, for example:
+
+    assertEquals("Hell", "Hello".dropLast(1))
+    >>> void
+
 ### String operations
 
 Concatenation is a `+`: `"hello " + name` works as expected. No confusion.
 
+Typical set of String functions includes:
+
+| fun/prop         | description / notes                                        |
+|------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|
+| lower()          | change case to unicode upper                               |
+| upper()          | change case to unicode lower                               |
+| startsWith(prefix) | true if starts with a prefix                               |
+| take(n)          | get a new string from up to n first characters             |
+| takeLast(n)      | get a new string from up to n last characters              |
+| drop(n)          | get a new string dropping n first chars, or empty string   |
+| dropLast(n)      | get a new string dropping n last chars, or empty string    |
+| size             | size in characters like `length` because String is [Array] |
+
+
+
+
+
 ### Literals
 
 String literal could be multiline:

library/build.gradle.kts

@@ -1,17 +1,40 @@
+import com.codingfeline.buildkonfig.compiler.FieldSpec.Type.STRING
 import com.vanniktech.maven.publish.SonatypeHost
 import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.ExperimentalKotlinGradlePluginApi
 import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.ExperimentalWasmDsl
 import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.JvmTarget
 
+group = "net.sergeych"
+version = "0.5.1-SNAPSHOT"
+
+buildscript {
+    repositories {
+        mavenCentral()
+    }
+    dependencies {
+        classpath("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-gradle-plugin:1.4.0")
+        classpath("com.codingfeline.buildkonfig:buildkonfig-gradle-plugin:latest_version")
+    }
+}
+
 plugins {
     alias(libs.plugins.kotlinMultiplatform)
     alias(libs.plugins.androidLibrary)
     alias(libs.plugins.vanniktech.mavenPublish)
     kotlin("plugin.serialization") version "2.1.20"
+    id("com.codingfeline.buildkonfig") version "0.17.1"
 }
 
-group = "net.sergeych"
-version = "0.2.0-SNAPSHOT"
+buildkonfig {
+    packageName = "net.sergeych.lyng"
+    // objectName = "YourAwesomeConfig"
+    // exposeObjectWithName = "YourAwesomePublicConfig"
+
+    defaultConfigs {
+        buildConfigField(STRING, "bcprovider", "codingfeline")
+        buildConfigField(STRING, "version", version.toString())
+    }
+}
 
 kotlin {
     jvm()
@@ -39,6 +62,7 @@ kotlin {
     sourceSets {
         all {
             languageSettings.optIn("kotlinx.coroutines.ExperimentalCoroutinesApi")
+            languageSettings.optIn("kotlin.contracts.ExperimentalContracts::class")
             languageSettings.optIn("kotlin.ExperimentalUnsignedTypes")
             languageSettings.optIn("kotlin.coroutines.DelicateCoroutinesApi")
         }
@@ -110,40 +134,40 @@ mavenPublishing {
         }
     }
 }
-
-val projectVersion  by project.extra(provider {
-    // Compute value lazily
-    (version as String)
-})
-
-val generateBuildConfig by tasks.registering {
-    // Declare outputs safely
-    val outputDir = layout.buildDirectory.dir("generated/buildConfig/commonMain/kotlin")
-    outputs.dir(outputDir)
-
-    val version = projectVersion.get()
-
-    // Inputs: Version is tracked as an input
-    inputs.property("version", version)
-
-    doLast {
-        val packageName = "net.sergeych.lyng.buildconfig"
-        val packagePath = packageName.replace('.', '/')
-        val buildConfigFile = outputDir.get().file("$packagePath/BuildConfig.kt").asFile
-
-        buildConfigFile.parentFile?.mkdirs()
-        buildConfigFile.writeText(
-            """
-            |package $packageName
-            |
-            |object BuildConfig {
-            |    const val VERSION = "$version"
-            |}
-            """.trimMargin()
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-tasks.withType<org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.tasks.KotlinCompile>().configureEach {
-    dependsOn(generateBuildConfig)
-}
+//
+//val projectVersion  by project.extra(provider {
+//    // Compute value lazily
+//    (version as String)
+//})
+//
+//val generateBuildConfig by tasks.registering {
+//    // Declare outputs safely
+//    val outputDir = layout.buildDirectory.dir("generated/buildConfig/commonMain/kotlin")
+//    outputs.dir(outputDir)
+//
+//    val version = projectVersion.get()
+//
+//    // Inputs: Version is tracked as an input
+//    inputs.property("version", version)
+//
+//    doLast {
+//        val packageName = "net.sergeych.lyng.buildconfig"
+//        val packagePath = packageName.replace('.', '/')
+//        val buildConfigFile = outputDir.get().file("$packagePath/BuildConfig.kt").asFile
+//
+//        buildConfigFile.parentFile?.mkdirs()
+//        buildConfigFile.writeText(
+//            """
+//            |package $packageName
+//            |
+//            |object BuildConfig {
+//            |    const val VERSION = "$version"
+//            |}
+//            """.trimMargin()
+//        )
+//    }
+//}
+//
+//tasks.withType<org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.tasks.KotlinCompile>().configureEach {
+//    dependsOn(generateBuildConfig)
+//}

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/AccessType.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package net.sergeych.lyng
+
+enum class AccessType(val isMutable: Boolean) {
+    Val(false), Var(true),
+
+    @Suppress("unused")
+    Initialization(false)
+}

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/ArgsDeclaration.kt

@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ data class ArgsDeclaration(val params: List<Item>, val endTokenType: Token.Type)
         val start = params.indexOfFirst { it.defaultValue != null }
         if (start >= 0)
             for (j in start + 1 until params.size)
-                if (params[j].defaultValue == null) throw ScriptError(
+                // last non-default could be lambda:
+                if (params[j].defaultValue == null && j != params.size - 1) throw ScriptError(
                     params[j].pos,
                     "required argument can't follow default one"
                 )
@@ -22,22 +23,41 @@ data class ArgsDeclaration(val params: List<Item>, val endTokenType: Token.Type)
      */
     suspend fun assignToContext(
         context: Context,
-        fromArgs: Arguments = context.args,
-        defaultAccessType: Compiler.AccessType = Compiler.AccessType.Var
+        arguments: Arguments = context.args,
+        defaultAccessType: AccessType = AccessType.Var,
+        defaultVisibility: Visibility = Visibility.Public
     ) {
         fun assign(a: Item, value: Obj) {
-            context.addItem(a.name, (a.accessType ?: defaultAccessType).isMutable, value)
+            context.addItem(a.name, (a.accessType ?: defaultAccessType).isMutable, value,
+                a.visibility ?: defaultVisibility)
+        }
+
+        // will be used with last lambda arg fix
+        val callArgs: List<Obj>
+        val paramsSize: Int
+
+        if( arguments.tailBlockMode ) {
+            paramsSize = params.size - 1
+            assign(params.last(), arguments.list.last())
+            callArgs = arguments.list.dropLast(1)
+        } else {
+            paramsSize = params.size
+            callArgs = arguments.list
         }
 
         suspend fun processHead(index: Int): Int {
             var i = index
-            while (i != params.size) {
+            while (i != paramsSize) {
                 val a = params[i]
                 if (a.isEllipsis) break
                 val value = when {
-                    i < fromArgs.size -> fromArgs[i]
+                    i < callArgs.size -> callArgs[i]
                     a.defaultValue != null -> a.defaultValue.execute(context)
-                    else -> context.raiseArgumentError("too few arguments for the call")
+                    else -> {
+                        println("callArgs: ${callArgs.joinToString()}")
+                        println("tailBlockMode: ${arguments.tailBlockMode}")
+                        context.raiseArgumentError("too few arguments for the call")
+                    }
                 }
                 assign(a, value)
                 i++
@@ -46,14 +66,14 @@ data class ArgsDeclaration(val params: List<Item>, val endTokenType: Token.Type)
         }
 
         suspend fun processTail(index: Int): Int {
-            var i = params.size - 1
-            var j = fromArgs.size - 1
+            var i = paramsSize - 1
+            var j = callArgs.size - 1
             while (i > index) {
                 val a = params[i]
                 if (a.isEllipsis) break
                 val value = when {
                     j >= index -> {
-                        fromArgs[j--]
+                        callArgs[j--]
                     }
 
                     a.defaultValue != null -> a.defaultValue.execute(context)
@@ -68,16 +88,16 @@ data class ArgsDeclaration(val params: List<Item>, val endTokenType: Token.Type)
         fun processEllipsis(index: Int, toFromIndex: Int) {
             val a = params[index]
             val l = if (index > toFromIndex) ObjList()
-            else ObjList(fromArgs.values.subList(index, toFromIndex + 1).toMutableList())
+            else ObjList(callArgs.subList(index, toFromIndex + 1).toMutableList())
             assign(a, l)
         }
 
         val leftIndex = processHead(0)
-        if (leftIndex < params.size) {
+        if (leftIndex < paramsSize) {
             val end = processTail(leftIndex)
             processEllipsis(leftIndex, end)
         } else {
-            if (leftIndex < fromArgs.size)
+            if (leftIndex < callArgs.size)
                 context.raiseArgumentError("too many arguments for the call")
         }
     }
@@ -98,7 +118,7 @@ data class ArgsDeclaration(val params: List<Item>, val endTokenType: Token.Type)
          * So it is a [Statement] that must be executed on __caller context__.
          */
         val defaultValue: Statement? = null,
-        val accessType: Compiler.AccessType? = null,
-        val visibility: Compiler.Visibility? = null,
+        val accessType: AccessType? = null,
+        val visibility: Visibility? = null,
     )
 }

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/Arguments.kt

@@ -2,53 +2,40 @@ package net.sergeych.lyng
 
 data class ParsedArgument(val value: Statement, val pos: Pos, val isSplat: Boolean = false)
 
-suspend fun Collection<ParsedArgument>.toArguments(context: Context): Arguments {
-    val list = mutableListOf<Arguments.Info>()
+suspend fun Collection<ParsedArgument>.toArguments(context: Context,tailBlockMode: Boolean): Arguments {
+    val list = mutableListOf<Obj>()
 
     for (x in this) {
         val value = x.value.execute(context)
         if (x.isSplat) {
             when {
                 value is ObjList -> {
-                    for (subitem in value.list) list.add(Arguments.Info(subitem, x.pos))
+                    for (subitem in value.list) list.add(subitem)
                 }
 
                 value.isInstanceOf(ObjIterable) -> {
                     val i = (value.invokeInstanceMethod(context, "toList") as ObjList).list
-                    i.forEach { list.add(Arguments.Info(it, x.pos)) }
+                    i.forEach { list.add(it) }
                 }
 
                 else -> context.raiseClassCastError("expected list of objects for splat argument")
             }
         } else
-            list.add(Arguments.Info(value, x.pos))
+            list.add(value)
     }
-    return Arguments(list)
+    return Arguments(list,tailBlockMode)
 }
 
-data class Arguments(val list: List<Info>) : Iterable<Obj> {
+data class Arguments(val list: List<Obj>,val tailBlockMode: Boolean = false) : List<Obj> by list {
 
-    data class Info(val value: Obj, val pos: Pos)
-
-    val size by list::size
-
-    operator fun get(index: Int): Obj = list[index].value
-
-    val values: List<Obj>  by lazy { list.map { it.value } }
-
-    fun firstAndOnly(): Obj {
-        if (list.size != 1) throw IllegalArgumentException("Expected one argument, got ${list.size}")
-        return list.first().value
+    fun firstAndOnly(pos: Pos = Pos.UNKNOWN): Obj {
+        if (list.size != 1) throw ScriptError(pos, "expected one argument, got ${list.size}")
+        return list.first()
     }
 
     companion object {
         val EMPTY = Arguments(emptyList())
-        fun from(values: Collection<Obj>) = Arguments(values.map { Info(it, Pos.UNKNOWN) })
+        fun from(values: Collection<Obj>) = Arguments(values.toList())
     }
-
-    override fun iterator(): Iterator<Obj> {
-        return list.map { it.value }.iterator()
-    }
-
 }
 

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/Compiler.kt

@@ -11,18 +11,20 @@ class Compiler(
     class Settings
 
     fun compile(source: Source): Script {
-        return parseScript(source.startPos,
+        return parseScript(
+            source.startPos,
             CompilerContext(parseLyng(source))
         )
     }
 
     private fun parseScript(start: Pos, cc: CompilerContext): Script {
         val statements = mutableListOf<Statement>()
+//        val returnScope = cc.startReturnScope()
         while (parseStatement(cc, braceMeansLambda = true)?.also {
                 statements += it
             } != null) {/**/
         }
-        return Script(start, statements)
+        return Script(start, statements)//returnScope.needCatch)
     }
 
     private fun parseStatement(cc: CompilerContext, braceMeansLambda: Boolean = false): Statement? {
@@ -37,6 +39,13 @@ class Compiler(
                         }
                 }
 
+                Token.Type.PRIVATE, Token.Type.PROTECTED -> {
+                    if (cc.nextIdValue() in setOf("var", "val", "class", "fun", "fn")) {
+                        continue
+                    } else
+                        throw ScriptError(t.pos, "unexpected keyword ${t.value}")
+                }
+
                 Token.Type.PLUS2, Token.Type.MINUS2 -> {
                     cc.previous()
                     parseExpression(cc)
@@ -125,9 +134,13 @@ class Compiler(
                         var isCall = false
                         val next = cc.next()
                         if (next.type == Token.Type.ID) {
-                            cc.ifNextIs(Token.Type.LPAREN) {
+                            // could be () call or obj.method {} call
+                            val nt = cc.current()
+                            when (nt.type) {
+                                Token.Type.LPAREN -> {
+                                    cc.next()
                                     // instance method call
-                                val args = parseArgs(cc)
+                                    val args = parseArgs(cc).first
                                     isCall = true
                                     operand = Accessor { context ->
                                         context.pos = next.pos
@@ -136,11 +149,35 @@ class Compiler(
                                             v.invokeInstanceMethod(
                                                 context,
                                                 next.value,
-                                            args.toArguments(context)
+                                                args.toArguments(context,false)
                                             ), isMutable = false
                                         )
                                     }
                                 }
+
+                                Token.Type.LBRACE -> {
+                                    // single lambda arg, like assertTrows { ... }
+                                   cc.next()
+                                    isCall = true
+                                    val lambda =
+                                        parseExpression(cc) ?: throw ScriptError(t.pos, "expected valid lambda here")
+                                    println(cc.current())
+                                    cc.skipTokenOfType(Token.Type.RBRACE)
+                                    operand = Accessor { context ->
+                                        context.pos = next.pos
+                                        val v = left.getter(context).value
+                                        ObjRecord(
+                                            v.invokeInstanceMethod(
+                                                context,
+                                                next.value,
+                                                Arguments(listOf(lambda),true)
+                                            ), isMutable = false
+                                        )
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                else -> {}
+                            }
                         }
                         if (!isCall) {
                             operand = Accessor({ context ->
@@ -162,6 +199,7 @@ class Compiler(
                         operand = parseFunctionCall(
                             cc,
                             left,
+                            false,
                         )
                     } ?: run {
                         // Expression in parentheses
@@ -307,9 +345,10 @@ class Compiler(
                 }
 
                 Token.Type.LBRACE -> {
-                    if (operand != null) {
-                        throw ScriptError(t.pos, "syntax error: lambda expression not allowed here")
-                    } else operand = parseLambdaExpression(cc)
+                    operand = operand?.let { left ->
+                        cc.previous()
+                        parseFunctionCall(cc, left, blockArgument = true)
+                    } ?: parseLambdaExpression(cc)
                 }
 
 
@@ -340,7 +379,7 @@ class Compiler(
             val context = closure!!.copy(pos, args)
             if (argsDeclaration == null) {
                 // no args: automatic var 'it'
-                val l = args.values
+                val l = args.list
                 val itValue: Obj = when (l.size) {
                     // no args: it == void
                     0 -> ObjVoid
@@ -401,16 +440,6 @@ class Compiler(
         }
     }
 
-    enum class AccessType(val isMutable: Boolean) {
-        Val(false), Var(true),
-        @Suppress("unused")
-        Initialization(false)
-    }
-
-    enum class Visibility {
-        Public, Private, Protected, Internal
-    }
-
     /**
      * Parse argument declaration, used in lambda (and later in fn too)
      * @return declaration or null if there is no valid list of arguments
@@ -429,43 +458,17 @@ class Compiler(
                 }
 
                 Token.Type.NEWLINE -> {}
+                Token.Type.PROTECTED, Token.Type.PRIVATE -> {
+                    if (!isClassDeclaration) {
+                        cc.restorePos(startPos); return null
+                    }
+                }
+
                 Token.Type.ID -> {
                     // visibility
-                    val visibility = when (t.value) {
-                        "private" -> {
-                            if (!isClassDeclaration) {
-                                cc.restorePos(startPos); return null
-                            }
-                            t = cc.next()
-                            Visibility.Private
-                        }
-
-                        "protected" -> {
-                            if (!isClassDeclaration) {
-                                cc.restorePos(startPos); return null
-                            }
-                            t = cc.next()
-                            Visibility.Protected
-                        }
-
-                        "internal" -> {
-                            if (!isClassDeclaration) {
-                                cc.restorePos(startPos); return null
-                            }
-                            t = cc.next()
-                            Visibility.Internal
-                        }
-
-                        "public" -> {
-                            if (!isClassDeclaration) {
-                                cc.restorePos(startPos); return null
-                            }
-                            t = cc.next()
-                            Visibility.Public
-                        }
-
-                        else -> null
-                    }
+                    val visibility = if (isClassDeclaration)
+                        cc.getVisibility(Visibility.Public)
+                    else Visibility.Public
                     // val/var?
                     val access = when (t.value) {
                         "val" -> {
@@ -549,7 +552,12 @@ class Compiler(
         return result
     }
 
-    private fun parseArgs(cc: CompilerContext): List<ParsedArgument> {
+    /**
+     * Parse arguments list during the call and detect last block argument
+     * _following the parenthesis_ call: `(1,2) { ... }`
+     */
+    private fun parseArgs(cc: CompilerContext): Pair<List<ParsedArgument>, Boolean> {
+
         val args = mutableListOf<ParsedArgument>()
         do {
             val t = cc.next()
@@ -574,6 +582,7 @@ class Compiler(
         // block after?
         val pos = cc.savePos()
         val end = cc.next()
+        var lastBlockArgument = false
         if (end.type == Token.Type.LBRACE) {
             // last argument - callable
             val callableAccessor = parseLambdaExpression(cc)
@@ -584,22 +593,34 @@ class Compiler(
                 },
                 end.pos
             )
+            lastBlockArgument = true
         } else
             cc.restorePos(pos)
-        return args
+        return args to lastBlockArgument
     }
 
 
-    private fun parseFunctionCall(cc: CompilerContext, left: Accessor): Accessor {
+    private fun parseFunctionCall(cc: CompilerContext, left: Accessor, blockArgument: Boolean): Accessor {
         // insofar, functions always return lvalue
-        val args = parseArgs(cc)
+        var detectedBlockArgument = blockArgument
+        val args = if (blockArgument) {
+            val blockArg = ParsedArgument(
+                parseExpression(cc)
+                    ?: throw ScriptError(cc.currentPos(), "lambda body expected"), cc.currentPos()
+            )
+            listOf(blockArg)
+        } else {
+            val r = parseArgs(cc)
+            detectedBlockArgument = r.second
+            r.first
+        }
 
         return Accessor { context ->
             val v = left.getter(context)
             v.value.callOn(
                 context.copy(
                     context.pos,
-                    args.toArguments(context)
+                    args.toArguments(context, detectedBlockArgument)
 //                Arguments(
 //                    args.map { Arguments.Info((it.value as Statement).execute(context), it.pos) }
 //                ),
@@ -689,21 +710,144 @@ class Compiler(
         "val" -> parseVarDeclaration(id.value, false, cc)
         "var" -> parseVarDeclaration(id.value, true, cc)
         "while" -> parseWhileStatement(cc)
+        "do" -> parseDoWhileStatement(cc)
         "for" -> parseForStatement(cc)
         "break" -> parseBreakStatement(id.pos, cc)
         "continue" -> parseContinueStatement(id.pos, cc)
         "fn", "fun" -> parseFunctionDeclaration(cc)
         "if" -> parseIfStatement(cc)
         "class" -> parseClassDeclaration(cc, false)
-        "struct" -> parseClassDeclaration(cc, true)
+        "try" -> parseTryStatement(cc)
+        "throw" -> parseThrowStatement(cc)
         else -> null
     }
 
+    private fun parseThrowStatement(cc: CompilerContext): Statement {
+        val throwStatement = parseStatement(cc) ?: throw ScriptError(cc.currentPos(), "throw object expected")
+        return statement {
+            var errorObject = throwStatement.execute(this)
+            if( errorObject is ObjString )
+                errorObject = ObjException(this, errorObject.value)
+            if( errorObject is ObjException )
+                raiseError(errorObject)
+            else raiseError("this is not an exception object: $errorObject")
+        }
+    }
+
+    private data class CatchBlockData(
+        val catchVar: Token,
+        val classNames: List<String>,
+        val block: Statement
+    )
+
+    private fun parseTryStatement(cc: CompilerContext): Statement {
+        val body = parseBlock(cc)
+        val catches = mutableListOf<CatchBlockData>()
+        cc.skipTokens(Token.Type.NEWLINE)
+        var t = cc.next()
+        while( t.value == "catch" ) {
+
+            if (cc.skipTokenOfType(Token.Type.LPAREN, isOptional = true)) {
+                t = cc.next()
+                if (t.type != Token.Type.ID) throw ScriptError(t.pos, "expected catch variable")
+                val catchVar = t
+
+                val exClassNames = mutableListOf<String>()
+                if (cc.skipTokenOfType(Token.Type.COLON, isOptional = true)) {
+                    // load list of exception classes
+                    do {
+                        t = cc.next()
+                        if (t.type != Token.Type.ID)
+                            throw ScriptError(t.pos, "expected exception class name")
+                        exClassNames += t.value
+                        t = cc.next()
+                        when (t.type) {
+                            Token.Type.COMMA -> {
+                                continue
+                            }
+
+                            Token.Type.RPAREN -> {
+                                break
+                            }
+
+                            else -> throw ScriptError(t.pos, "syntax error: expected ',' or ')'")
+                        }
+                    } while (true)
+                } else {
+                    // no type!
+                    exClassNames += "Exception"
+                    cc.skipTokenOfType(Token.Type.RPAREN)
+                }
+                val block = parseBlock(cc)
+                catches += CatchBlockData(catchVar, exClassNames, block)
+                cc.skipTokens(Token.Type.NEWLINE)
+                t = cc.next()
+            } else {
+                // no (e: Exception) block: should be shortest variant `catch { ... }`
+                cc.skipTokenOfType(Token.Type.LBRACE, "expected catch(...) or catch { ... } here")
+                catches += CatchBlockData(Token("it", cc.currentPos(), Token.Type.ID), listOf("Exception"),
+                    parseBlock(cc,true))
+                t = cc.next()
+            }
+        }
+        if( catches.isEmpty() )
+            throw ScriptError(cc.currentPos(), "try block must have at least one catch clause")
+        val finallyClause = if( t.value == "finally" ) {
+            parseBlock(cc)
+        } else {
+            cc.previous()
+            null
+        }
+
+        return statement {
+            var result: Obj = ObjVoid
+            try {
+                // body is a parsed block, it already has separate context
+                result = body.execute(this)
+            }
+            catch (e: Exception) {
+                // convert to appropriate exception
+                val objException = when(e) {
+                    is ExecutionError -> e.errorObject
+                    else -> ObjUnknownException(this, e.message ?: e.toString())
+                }
+                // let's see if we should catch it:
+                var isCaught = false
+                for( cdata in catches ) {
+                    var exceptionObject: ObjException? = null
+                    for (exceptionClassName in cdata.classNames) {
+                        val exObj = ObjException.getErrorClass(exceptionClassName)
+                            ?: raiseSymbolNotFound("error clas not exists: $exceptionClassName")
+                        if( objException.isInstanceOf(exObj) ) {
+                            exceptionObject = objException
+                            break
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if( exceptionObject != null ) {
+                        val catchContext = this.copy(pos = cdata.catchVar.pos)
+                        catchContext.addItem(cdata.catchVar.value, false, objException)
+                        result = cdata.block.execute(catchContext)
+                        isCaught = true
+                        break
+                    }
+                }
+                // rethrow if not caught this exception
+                if( !isCaught )
+                    throw e
+            }
+            finally {
+                // finally clause does not alter result!
+                finallyClause?.execute(this)
+            }
+            result
+        }
+    }
+
     private fun parseClassDeclaration(cc: CompilerContext, isStruct: Boolean): Statement {
         val nameToken = cc.requireToken(Token.Type.ID)
         val constructorArgsDeclaration =
             if (cc.skipTokenOfType(Token.Type.LPAREN, isOptional = true))
-                parseArgsDeclaration(cc)
+                parseArgsDeclaration(cc, isClassDeclaration = true)
             else null
 
         if (constructorArgsDeclaration != null && constructorArgsDeclaration.endTokenType != Token.Type.RPAREN)
@@ -743,41 +887,12 @@ class Compiler(
             // fields. Note that 'this' is already set by class
             constructorArgsDeclaration?.assignToContext(this)
             bodyInit?.execute(this)
-            // export public
-            for( (name,record) in objects ) {
-                println("-- $name $record")
-                when(record.visibility) {
-                    Visibility.Public -> {
-                        thisObj.publicFields += name
-                        thisObj.protectedFields += name
-                    }
-                    Visibility.Protected ->
-                        thisObj.protectedFields += name
-                    else -> {
-                    }
-                }
-            }
 
             thisObj
         }
         // inheritance must alter this code:
         val newClass = ObjClass(className).apply {
             instanceConstructor = constructorCode
-            constructorArgsDeclaration?.let { cad ->
-                // we need accessors for all fields:
-                for (f in cad.params) {
-                    createField(
-                        f.name,
-                        statement {
-                            val context = (thisObj as ObjInstance).instanceContext
-                            println("called on $thisObj")
-                            context[f.name]?.value ?: raiseError("field is not initialized: ${f.name}")
-                        },
-                        true,
-//                        (f.accessType ?: defaultAccess).isMutable,
-                    )
-                }
-            }
         }
 
         return statement {
@@ -913,9 +1028,10 @@ class Compiler(
                 } catch (lbe: LoopBreakContinueException) {
                     if (lbe.label == label || lbe.label == null) {
                         if (lbe.doContinue) continue
-                    }
                         return lbe.result
                     }
+                    throw lbe
+                }
             }
         } else {
             for (i in start.toLong()..<end.toLong()) {
@@ -941,9 +1057,10 @@ class Compiler(
                 } catch (lbe: LoopBreakContinueException) {
                     if (lbe.label == label || lbe.label == null) {
                         if (lbe.doContinue) continue
-                    }
                         return lbe.result
                     }
+                    throw lbe
+                }
             else {
                 loopVar.value = iterObj.invokeInstanceMethod(forContext, "next")
                 result = body.execute(forContext)
@@ -952,6 +1069,60 @@ class Compiler(
         return elseStatement?.execute(forContext) ?: result
     }
 
+    @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE")
+    private fun parseDoWhileStatement(cc: CompilerContext): Statement {
+        val label = getLabel(cc)?.also { cc.labels += it }
+        val (breakFound, body) = cc.parseLoop {
+            parseStatement(cc) ?: throw ScriptError(cc.currentPos(), "Bad while statement: expected statement")
+        }
+        label?.also { cc.labels -= it }
+
+        cc.skipTokens(Token.Type.NEWLINE)
+
+        val t = cc.next()
+        if( t.type != Token.Type.ID && t.value != "while" )
+        cc.skipTokenOfType(Token.Type.LPAREN, "expected '(' here")
+
+        val conditionStart = ensureLparen(cc)
+        val condition =
+            parseExpression(cc) ?: throw ScriptError(conditionStart, "Bad while statement: expected expression")
+        ensureRparen(cc)
+
+        cc.skipTokenOfType(Token.Type.NEWLINE, isOptional = true)
+        val elseStatement = if (cc.next().let { it.type == Token.Type.ID && it.value == "else" }) {
+            parseStatement(cc)
+        } else {
+            cc.previous()
+            null
+        }
+
+
+        return statement(body.pos) {
+            var wasBroken = false
+            var result: Obj = ObjVoid
+            lateinit var doContext: Context
+            do {
+                doContext = it.copy().apply { skipContextCreation = true }
+                try {
+                    result = body.execute(doContext)
+                }
+                catch( e: LoopBreakContinueException) {
+                    if( e.label == label || e.label == null ) {
+                        if( e.doContinue ) continue
+                        else {
+                            result = e.result
+                            wasBroken = true
+                            break
+                        }
+                    }
+                    throw e
+                }
+            } while( condition.execute(doContext).toBool() )
+            if( !wasBroken ) elseStatement?.let { s -> result = s.execute(it) }
+            result
+        }
+    }
+
     private fun parseWhileStatement(cc: CompilerContext): Statement {
         val label = getLabel(cc)?.also { cc.labels += it }
         val start = ensureLparen(cc)
@@ -1102,6 +1273,8 @@ class Compiler(
     }
 
     private fun parseFunctionDeclaration(tokens: CompilerContext): Statement {
+        val visibility = tokens.getVisibility()
+
         var t = tokens.next()
         val start = t.pos
         val name = if (t.type != Token.Type.ID)
@@ -1138,7 +1311,7 @@ class Compiler(
             // we added fn in the context. now we must save closure
             // for the function
             closure = context
-            context.addItem(name, false, fnBody)
+            context.addItem(name, false, fnBody, visibility)
             // as the function can be called from anywhere, we have
             // saved the proper context in the closure
             fnBody
@@ -1155,7 +1328,7 @@ class Compiler(
         val block = parseScript(startPos, cc)
         return statement(startPos) {
             // block run on inner context:
-            block.execute(it.copy(startPos))
+            block.execute(if( it.skipContextCreation ) it else it.copy(startPos))
         }.also {
             val t1 = cc.next()
             if (t1.type != Token.Type.RBRACE)
@@ -1164,6 +1337,15 @@ class Compiler(
     }
 
     private fun parseVarDeclaration(kind: String, mutable: Boolean, tokens: CompilerContext): Statement {
+        // we are just after var/val, visibility if exists is 2 steps behind
+        val visibility = when (tokens.atOffset(-2)?.type) {
+            Token.Type.PRIVATE ->
+                Visibility.Private
+
+            Token.Type.PROTECTED -> Visibility.Protected
+            else -> Visibility.Public
+        }
+
         val nameToken = tokens.next()
         val start = nameToken.pos
         if (nameToken.type != Token.Type.ID)
@@ -1181,7 +1363,7 @@ class Compiler(
             }
         }
 
-        val initialExpression = if (setNull) null else parseExpression(tokens)
+        val initialExpression = if (setNull) null else parseStatement(tokens, true)
             ?: throw ScriptError(eqToken.pos, "Expected initializer expression")
 
         return statement(nameToken.pos) { context ->
@@ -1192,8 +1374,8 @@ class Compiler(
             // create a separate copy:
             val initValue = initialExpression?.execute(context)?.byValueCopy() ?: ObjNull
 
-            context.addItem(name, mutable, initValue)
-            ObjVoid
+            context.addItem(name, mutable, initValue, visibility)
+            initValue
         }
     }
 
@@ -1336,7 +1518,7 @@ class Compiler(
         /**
          * The keywords that stop processing of expression term
          */
-        val stopKeywords = setOf("break", "continue", "return", "if", "when", "do", "while", "for", "class", "struct")
+        val stopKeywords = setOf("do", "break", "continue", "return", "if", "when", "do", "while", "for", "class", "struct")
     }
 }
 

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/CompilerContext.kt

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ internal class CompilerContext(val tokens: List<Token>) {
     var loopLevel = 0
         private set
 
-    inline fun <T> parseLoop(f: () -> T): Pair<Boolean,T> {
+    inline fun <T> parseLoop(f: () -> T): Pair<Boolean, T> {
         if (++loopLevel == 0) breakFound = false
         val result = f()
         return Pair(breakFound, result).also {
@@ -98,4 +98,55 @@ internal class CompilerContext(val tokens: List<Token>) {
         breakFound = true
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Return value of the next token if it is an identifier, null otherwise.
+     * Does not change position.
+     */
+    fun nextIdValue(): String? {
+        return if (hasNext()) {
+            val nt = tokens[currentIndex]
+            if (nt.type == Token.Type.ID)
+                nt.value
+            else null
+        } else null
+    }
+
+    @Suppress("unused")
+    fun current(): Token = tokens[currentIndex]
+
+    /**
+     * If the token at current position plus offset (could be negative) exists, returns it, otherwise returns null.
+     */
+    fun atOffset(offset: Int): Token? =
+        if (currentIndex + offset in tokens.indices) tokens[currentIndex + offset] else null
+
+    /**
+     * Scan backwards as deep as specified looking for visibility token. Does not change position.
+     */
+    fun getVisibility(default: Visibility = Visibility.Public, depths: Int = 2): Visibility {
+        for( i in -depths .. -1) {
+            when( atOffset(i)?.type) {
+                Token.Type.PROTECTED -> return Visibility.Protected
+                Token.Type.PRIVATE -> return Visibility.Private
+                else -> {}
+            }
+        }
+        return default
+    }
+
+//    fun expectKeyword(vararg keyword: String): String {
+//        val t = next()
+//        if (t.type != Token.Type.ID && t.value !in keyword) {
+//            throw ScriptError(t.pos, "expected one of ${keyword.joinToString()}")
+//
+//    }
+
+//    data class ReturnScope(val needCatch: Boolean = false)
+
+//    private val
+
+//    fun startReturnScope(): ReturnScope {
+//        return ReturnScope()
+//    }
+
 }

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/Context.kt

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ class Context(
     val parent: Context?,
     val args: Arguments = Arguments.EMPTY,
     var pos: Pos = Pos.builtIn,
-    val thisObj: Obj = ObjVoid
+    val thisObj: Obj = ObjVoid,
+    var skipContextCreation: Boolean = false,
 ) {
     constructor(
         args: Arguments = Arguments.EMPTY,
@@ -15,33 +16,34 @@ class Context(
     fun raiseNotImplemented(what: String = "operation"): Nothing = raiseError("$what is not implemented")
 
     @Suppress("unused")
-    fun raiseNPE(): Nothing = raiseError(ObjNullPointerError(this))
+    fun raiseNPE(): Nothing = raiseError(ObjNullPointerException(this))
 
     @Suppress("unused")
     fun raiseIndexOutOfBounds(message: String = "Index out of bounds"): Nothing =
-        raiseError(ObjIndexOutOfBoundsError(this, message))
+        raiseError(ObjIndexOutOfBoundsException(this, message))
 
     @Suppress("unused")
     fun raiseArgumentError(message: String = "Illegal argument error"): Nothing =
-        raiseError(ObjIllegalArgumentError(this, message))
+        raiseError(ObjIllegalArgumentException(this, message))
 
-    fun raiseClassCastError(msg: String): Nothing = raiseError(ObjClassCastError(this, msg))
+    fun raiseClassCastError(msg: String): Nothing = raiseError(ObjClassCastException(this, msg))
 
     @Suppress("unused")
-    fun raiseSymbolNotFound(name: String): Nothing = raiseError(ObjSymbolNotDefinedError(this, "symbol is not defined: $name"))
+    fun raiseSymbolNotFound(name: String): Nothing =
+        raiseError(ObjSymbolNotDefinedException(this, "symbol is not defined: $name"))
 
     fun raiseError(message: String): Nothing {
-        throw ExecutionError(ObjError(this, message))
+        throw ExecutionError(ObjException(this, message))
     }
 
-    fun raiseError(obj: ObjError): Nothing {
+    fun raiseError(obj: ObjException): Nothing {
         throw ExecutionError(obj)
     }
 
     inline fun <reified T : Obj> requiredArg(index: Int): T {
         if (args.list.size <= index) raiseError("Expected at least ${index + 1} argument, got ${args.list.size}")
-        return (args.list[index].value as? T)
-            ?: raiseClassCastError("Expected type ${T::class.simpleName}, got ${args.list[index].value::class.simpleName}")
+        return (args.list[index] as? T)
+            ?: raiseClassCastError("Expected type ${T::class.simpleName}, got ${args.list[index]::class.simpleName}")
     }
 
     inline fun <reified T : Obj> requireOnlyArg(): T {
@@ -73,8 +75,13 @@ class Context(
 
     fun copy() = Context(this, args, pos, thisObj)
 
-    fun addItem(name: String, isMutable: Boolean, value: Obj): ObjRecord {
-        return ObjRecord(value, isMutable).also { objects.put(name, it) }
+    fun addItem(
+        name: String,
+        isMutable: Boolean,
+        value: Obj,
+        visibility: Visibility = Visibility.Public
+    ): ObjRecord {
+        return ObjRecord(value, isMutable, visibility).also { objects[name] = it }
     }
 
     fun getOrCreateNamespace(name: String): ObjClass {

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/Obj.kt

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.sync.Mutex
 import kotlinx.coroutines.sync.withLock
 import kotlinx.serialization.SerialName
 import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
+import net.sergeych.bintools.encodeToHex
 import net.sergeych.synctools.ProtectedOp
+import net.sergeych.synctools.withLock
+import kotlin.contracts.ExperimentalContracts
 
 /**
  * Record to store object with access rules, e.g. [isMutable] and access level [visibility].
@@ -12,7 +15,7 @@ import net.sergeych.synctools.ProtectedOp
 data class ObjRecord(
     var value: Obj,
     val isMutable: Boolean,
-    val visibility: Compiler.Visibility = Compiler.Visibility.Public
+    val visibility: Visibility = Visibility.Public
 )
 
 /**
@@ -61,9 +64,9 @@ open class Obj {
     fun isInstanceOf(someClass: Obj) = someClass === objClass || objClass.allParentsSet.contains(someClass)
 
     suspend fun invokeInstanceMethod(context: Context, name: String, vararg args: Obj): Obj =
-        invokeInstanceMethod(context, name, Arguments(args.map { Arguments.Info(it, context.pos) }))
+        invokeInstanceMethod(context, name, Arguments(args.toList()))
 
-    inline suspend fun <reified T : Obj> callMethod(
+    suspend inline fun <reified T : Obj> callMethod(
         context: Context,
         name: String,
         args: Arguments = Arguments.EMPTY
@@ -179,11 +182,10 @@ open class Obj {
 
     suspend fun <T> sync(block: () -> T): T = monitor.withLock { block() }
 
-    suspend open fun readField(context: Context, name: String): ObjRecord {
+    open suspend fun readField(context: Context, name: String): ObjRecord {
         // could be property or class field:
         val obj = objClass.getInstanceMemberOrNull(name) ?: context.raiseError("no such field: $name")
-        val value = obj.value
-        return when (value) {
+        return when (val value = obj.value) {
             is Statement -> {
                 ObjRecord(value.execute(context.copy(context.pos, newThisObj = this)), obj.isMutable)
             }
@@ -218,7 +220,7 @@ open class Obj {
         callOn(
             context.copy(
                 context.pos,
-                args = Arguments(args.map { Arguments.Info(it, context.pos) }),
+                args = Arguments(args.toList()),
                 newThisObj = thisObj
             )
         )
@@ -286,6 +288,8 @@ object ObjNull : Obj() {
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
         return other is ObjNull || other == null
     }
+
+    override fun toString(): String = "null"
 }
 
 interface Numeric {
@@ -325,20 +329,100 @@ data class ObjNamespace(val name: String) : Obj() {
     }
 }
 
-open class ObjError(val context: Context, val message: String) : Obj() {
-    override val asStr: ObjString by lazy { ObjString("Error: $message") }
+open class ObjException(exceptionClass: ExceptionClass, val context: Context, val message: String) : Obj() {
+    constructor(name: String,context: Context, message: String) : this(getOrCreateExceptionClass(name), context, message)
+    constructor(context: Context, message: String) : this(Root, context, message)
 
     fun raise(): Nothing {
         throw ExecutionError(this)
     }
+
+    override val objClass: ObjClass = exceptionClass
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return "ObjException:${objClass.className}:${context.pos}@${hashCode().encodeToHex()}"
+    }
+
+    companion object {
+
+        class ExceptionClass(val name: String,vararg parents: ObjClass) : ObjClass(name, *parents) {
+            override suspend fun callOn(context: Context): Obj {
+                val message = context.args.getOrNull(0)?.toString() ?: name
+                return ObjException(this, context, message)
+            }
+            override fun toString(): String = "ExceptionClass[$name]@${hashCode().encodeToHex()}"
+        }
+        val Root = ExceptionClass("Throwable").apply {
+            addConst("message", statement {
+                (thisObj as ObjException).message.toObj()
+            })
+        }
+
+        private val op = ProtectedOp()
+        private val existingErrorClasses = mutableMapOf<String, ExceptionClass>()
+
+
+        @OptIn(ExperimentalContracts::class)
+        protected fun getOrCreateExceptionClass(name: String): ExceptionClass {
+            return op.withLock {
+                existingErrorClasses.getOrPut(name) {
+                    ExceptionClass(name, Root)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get [ObjClass] for error class by name if exists.
+         */
+        @OptIn(ExperimentalContracts::class)
+        fun getErrorClass(name: String): ObjClass? = op.withLock {
+            existingErrorClasses[name]
+        }
+
+        fun addExceptionsToContext(context: Context) {
+            context.addConst("Exception", Root)
+            existingErrorClasses["Exception"] = Root
+            for (name in listOf(
+                "NullPointerException",
+                "AssertionFailedException",
+                "ClassCastException",
+                "IndexOutOfBoundsException",
+                "IllegalArgumentException",
+                "IllegalAssignmentException",
+                "SymbolNotDefinedException",
+                "IterationEndException",
+                "AccessException",
+                "UnknownException",
+            )) {
+                context.addConst(name, getOrCreateExceptionClass(name))
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-class ObjNullPointerError(context: Context) : ObjError(context, "object is null")
+class ObjNullPointerException(context: Context) : ObjException("NullPointerException", context, "object is null")
 
-class ObjAssertionError(context: Context, message: String) : ObjError(context, message)
-class ObjClassCastError(context: Context, message: String) : ObjError(context, message)
-class ObjIndexOutOfBoundsError(context: Context, message: String = "index out of bounds") : ObjError(context, message)
-class ObjIllegalArgumentError(context: Context, message: String = "illegal argument") : ObjError(context, message)
-class ObjIllegalAssignmentError(context: Context, message: String = "illegal assignment") : ObjError(context, message)
-class ObjSymbolNotDefinedError(context: Context, message: String = "symbol is not defined") : ObjError(context, message)
-class ObjIterationFinishedError(context: Context) : ObjError(context, "iteration finished")
+class ObjAssertionFailedException(context: Context, message: String) :
+    ObjException("AssertionFailedException", context, message)
+
+class ObjClassCastException(context: Context, message: String) : ObjException("ClassCastException", context, message)
+class ObjIndexOutOfBoundsException(context: Context, message: String = "index out of bounds") :
+    ObjException("IndexOutOfBoundsException", context, message)
+
+class ObjIllegalArgumentException(context: Context, message: String = "illegal argument") :
+    ObjException("IllegalArgumentException", context, message)
+
+class ObjIllegalAssignmentException(context: Context, message: String = "illegal assignment") :
+    ObjException("IllegalAssignmentException", context, message)
+
+class ObjSymbolNotDefinedException(context: Context, message: String = "symbol is not defined") :
+    ObjException("SymbolNotDefinedException", context, message)
+
+class ObjIterationFinishedException(context: Context) :
+    ObjException("IterationEndException", context, "iteration finished")
+
+class ObjAccessException(context: Context, message: String = "access not allowed error") :
+    ObjException("AccessException", context, message)
+
+class ObjUnknownException(context: Context, message: String = "access not allowed error") :
+    ObjException("UnknownException", context, message)

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/ObjClass.kt

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package net.sergeych.lyng
 
 val ObjClassType by lazy { ObjClass("Class") }
 
-class ObjClass(
+open class ObjClass(
     val className: String,
     vararg val parents: ObjClass,
 ) : Obj() {
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@ class ObjClass(
     override suspend fun compareTo(context: Context, other: Obj): Int = if (other === this) 0 else -1
 
     override suspend fun callOn(context: Context): Obj {
-        println("callOn $this constructing....")
-        println("on context: $context")
         val instance = ObjInstance(this)
         instance.instanceContext = context.copy(newThisObj = instance,args = context.args)
         if (instanceConstructor != null) {
@@ -41,10 +39,10 @@ class ObjClass(
         name: String,
         initialValue: Obj,
         isMutable: Boolean = false,
-        visibility: Compiler.Visibility = Compiler.Visibility.Public,
+        visibility: Visibility = Visibility.Public,
         pos: Pos = Pos.builtIn
     ) {
-        if (name in members || allParentsSet.any { name in it.members } == true)
+        if (name in members || allParentsSet.any { name in it.members })
             throw ScriptError(pos, "$name is already defined in $objClass or one of its supertypes")
         members[name] = ObjRecord(initialValue, isMutable, visibility)
     }
@@ -124,7 +122,7 @@ class ObjArrayIterator(val array: Obj) : Obj() {
                     val self = thisAs<ObjArrayIterator>()
                     if (self.nextIndex < self.lastIndex) {
                         self.array.invokeInstanceMethod(this, "getAt", (self.nextIndex++).toObj())
-                    } else raiseError(ObjIterationFinishedError(this))
+                    } else raiseError(ObjIterationFinishedException(this))
                 }
                 addFn("hasNext") {
                     val self = thisAs<ObjArrayIterator>()

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/ObjInstance.kt

@@ -2,28 +2,54 @@ package net.sergeych.lyng
 
 class ObjInstance(override val objClass: ObjClass) : Obj() {
 
-    internal val publicFields = mutableSetOf<String>()
-    internal val protectedFields = mutableSetOf<String>()
-
     internal lateinit var instanceContext: Context
 
     override suspend fun readField(context: Context, name: String): ObjRecord {
-        return if( name in publicFields ) instanceContext[name]!!
-        else super.readField(context, name)
+        return instanceContext[name]?.let {
+            if (it.visibility.isPublic)
+                it
+            else
+                context.raiseError(ObjAccessException(context, "can't access non-public field $name"))
+        }
+            ?: super.readField(context, name)
     }
 
     override suspend fun writeField(context: Context, name: String, newValue: Obj) {
-        if( name in publicFields ) {
-            val f = instanceContext[name]!!
-            if( !f.isMutable ) ObjIllegalAssignmentError(context, "can't reassign val $name").raise()
-            if( f.value.assign(context, newValue) == null)
+        instanceContext[name]?.let { f ->
+            if (!f.visibility.isPublic)
+                ObjIllegalAssignmentException(context, "can't assign to non-public field $name")
+            if (!f.isMutable) ObjIllegalAssignmentException(context, "can't reassign val $name").raise()
+            if (f.value.assign(context, newValue) == null)
                 f.value = newValue
-        }
-        else super.writeField(context, name, newValue)
+        } ?: super.writeField(context, name, newValue)
     }
 
-    override suspend fun invokeInstanceMethod(context: Context, name: String, args: Arguments): Obj {
-        if( name in publicFields ) return instanceContext[name]!!.value.invoke(context, this, args)
-        return super.invokeInstanceMethod(context, name, args)
+    override suspend fun invokeInstanceMethod(context: Context, name: String, args: Arguments): Obj =
+        instanceContext[name]?.let {
+            if (it.visibility.isPublic)
+                it.value.invoke(context, this, args)
+            else
+                context.raiseError(ObjAccessException(context, "can't invoke non-public method $name"))
+        }
+            ?: super.invokeInstanceMethod(context, name, args)
+
+    private val publicFields: Map<String, ObjRecord>
+        get() = instanceContext.objects.filter { it.value.visibility.isPublic }
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        val fields = publicFields.map { "${it.key}=${it.value.value}" }.joinToString(",")
+        return "${objClass.className}($fields)"
+    }
+
+    override suspend fun compareTo(context: Context, other: Obj): Int {
+        if (other !is ObjInstance) return -1
+        if (other.objClass != objClass) return -1
+        for (f in publicFields) {
+            val a = f.value.value
+            val b = other.instanceContext[f.key]!!.value
+            val d = a.compareTo(context, b)
+            if (d != 0) return d
+        }
+        return 0
     }
 }

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/ObjRangeIterator.kt

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class ObjRangeIterator(val self: ObjRange) : Obj() {
             if( isCharRange ) ObjChar(x.toInt().toChar()) else ObjInt(x)
         }
         else {
-            context.raiseError(ObjIterationFinishedError(context))
+            context.raiseError(ObjIterationFinishedException(context))
         }
 
     companion object {

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/ObjString.kt

@@ -40,6 +40,32 @@ data class ObjString(val value: String) : Obj() {
             addConst("length",
                 statement { ObjInt(thisAs<ObjString>().value.length.toLong()) }
             )
+            addFn("takeLast") {
+                thisAs<ObjString>().value.takeLast(
+                    requiredArg<ObjInt>(0).toInt()
+                ).let(::ObjString)
+            }
+            addFn("take") {
+                thisAs<ObjString>().value.take(
+                    requiredArg<ObjInt>(0).toInt()
+                ).let(::ObjString)
+            }
+            addFn("drop") {
+                thisAs<ObjString>().value.drop(
+                    requiredArg<ObjInt>(0).toInt()
+                ).let(::ObjString)
+            }
+            addFn("dropLast") {
+                thisAs<ObjString>().value.dropLast(
+                    requiredArg<ObjInt>(0).toInt()
+                ).let(::ObjString)
+            }
+            addFn("lower") {
+                thisAs<ObjString>().value.lowercase().let(::ObjString)
+            }
+            addFn("upper") {
+                thisAs<ObjString>().value.uppercase().let(::ObjString)
+            }
             addFn("size") { ObjInt(thisAs<ObjString>().value.length.toLong()) }
         }
     }

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/Parser.kt

@@ -280,6 +280,8 @@ private class Parser(fromPos: Pos) {
                         when (text) {
                             "in" -> Token("in", from, Token.Type.IN)
                             "is" -> Token("is", from, Token.Type.IS)
+                            "protected" -> Token("protected", from, Token.Type.PROTECTED)
+                            "private" -> Token("private", from, Token.Type.PRIVATE)
                             else -> Token(text, from, Token.Type.ID)
                         }
                 } else
@@ -291,7 +293,19 @@ private class Parser(fromPos: Pos) {
     private fun decodeNumber(p1: String, start: Pos): Token =
         if (pos.end)
             Token(p1, start, Token.Type.INT)
-        else if (currentChar == '.') {
+        else if( currentChar == 'e' || currentChar == 'E' ) {
+            pos.advance()
+            var negative = false
+            if (currentChar == '+')
+                pos.advance()
+            else if (currentChar == '-') {
+                negative = true
+                pos.advance()
+            }
+            var p3 = loadChars(digits)
+            if (negative) p3 = "-$p3"
+            Token("${p1}e$p3", start, Token.Type.REAL)
+        } else if (currentChar == '.') {
             // could be decimal
             pos.advance()
             if (currentChar in digitsSet) {

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/Script.kt

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import kotlin.math.*
 class Script(
     override val pos: Pos,
     private val statements: List<Statement> = emptyList(),
+//    private val catchReturn: Boolean = false,
 ) : Statement() {
 
     override suspend fun execute(context: Context): Obj {
@@ -16,10 +17,11 @@ class Script(
         return lastResult
     }
 
-    suspend fun execute() = execute(defaultContext.copy(pos))
+    suspend fun execute() = execute(defaultContext.copy(pos = pos))
 
     companion object {
         val defaultContext: Context = Context().apply {
+            ObjException.addExceptionsToContext(this)
             addFn("println") {
                 for ((i, a) in args.withIndex()) {
                     if (i > 0) print(' ' + a.asStr.value)
@@ -116,14 +118,14 @@ class Script(
             addVoidFn("assert") {
                 val cond = requiredArg<ObjBool>(0)
                 if( !cond.value == true )
-                    raiseError(ObjAssertionError(this,"Assertion failed"))
+                    raiseError(ObjAssertionFailedException(this,"Assertion failed"))
             }
 
             addVoidFn("assertEquals") {
                 val a = requiredArg<Obj>(0)
                 val b = requiredArg<Obj>(1)
                 if( a.compareTo(this, b) != 0 )
-                    raiseError(ObjAssertionError(this,"Assertion failed: ${a.inspect()} == ${b.inspect()}"))
+                    raiseError(ObjAssertionFailedException(this,"Assertion failed: ${a.inspect()} == ${b.inspect()}"))
             }
             addFn("assertThrows") {
                 val code = requireOnlyArg<Statement>()
@@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ class Script(
                 catch (e: ScriptError) {
                     ObjNull
                 }
-                result ?: raiseError(ObjAssertionError(this,"Expected exception but nothing was thrown"))
+                result ?: raiseError(ObjAssertionFailedException(this,"Expected exception but nothing was thrown"))
             }
 
             addVoidFn("delay") {

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/ScriptError.kt

@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ open class ScriptError(val pos: Pos, val errorMessage: String,cause: Throwable?=
     cause
 )
 
-class ExecutionError(val errorObject: ObjError) : ScriptError(errorObject.context.pos, errorObject.message)
+class ExecutionError(val errorObject: ObjException) : ScriptError(errorObject.context.pos, errorObject.message)

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/Token.kt

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ data class Token(val value: String, val pos: Pos, val type: Type) {
         AND, BITAND, OR, BITOR, NOT, BITNOT, DOT, ARROW, QUESTION, COLONCOLON,
         SINLGE_LINE_COMMENT, MULTILINE_COMMENT,
         LABEL, ATLABEL, // label@ at@label
+        PRIVATE, PROTECTED,
+        //PUBLIC, PROTECTED, INTERNAL, EXPORT, OPEN, INLINE, OVERRIDE, ABSTRACT, SEALED, EXTERNAL, VAL, VAR, CONST, TYPE, FUN, CLASS, INTERFACE, ENUM, OBJECT, TRAIT, THIS,
         ELLIPSIS, DOTDOT, DOTDOTLT,
         NEWLINE,
         EOF,

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/Visibility.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package net.sergeych.lyng
+
+enum class Visibility {
+    Public, Private, Protected;//, Internal
+    val isPublic by lazy { this == Public }
+    @Suppress("unused")
+    val isProtected by lazy { this == Protected }
+}

library/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/globals.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 package net.sergeych.lyng
 
-import net.sergeych.lyng.buildconfig.BuildConfig
 
-val LyngVersion = BuildConfig.VERSION
+val LyngVersion = BuildKonfig.version

library/src/commonTest/kotlin/ScriptTest.kt

@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ class ScriptTest {
         check("17.2e22", Token.Type.REAL, 0, 0, "17.2E+22")
         check("17.2e22", Token.Type.REAL, 0, 0, "17.2E22")
         check("17.2e-22", Token.Type.REAL, 0, 0, "17.2E-22")
+        check("17.2e-22", Token.Type.REAL, 0, 0, "17.2E-22")
+        check("1e-22", Token.Type.REAL, 0, 0, "1E-22")
 
         // hex
         check("1", Token.Type.HEX, 0, 0, "0x1")
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ class ScriptTest {
     fun varsAndConstsTest() = runTest {
         val context = Context(pos = Pos.builtIn)
         assertEquals(
-            ObjVoid, context.eval(
+            ObjInt(3L), context.eval(
                 """
             val a = 17
             var b = 3
@@ -432,6 +434,18 @@ class ScriptTest {
 
     }
 
+    @Test
+    fun whileAssignTest() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            var t = 0
+            val x = while( t < 5 ) { t++ }
+            // last returned value is 4 - when t was 5 body was not executed
+            assertEquals( 4, x )
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+    }
+
     @Test
     fun whileTest() = runTest {
         assertEquals(
@@ -490,37 +504,41 @@ class ScriptTest {
     fun testAssignArgumentsNoEllipsis() = runTest {
         // equal args, no ellipsis, no defaults, ok
         val ttEnd = Token.Type.RBRACE
-        var pa = ArgsDeclaration(listOf(
+        var pa = ArgsDeclaration(
+            listOf(
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("a"),
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("b"),
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("c"),
-        ), ttEnd)
-        var c = Context(pos = Pos.builtIn, args = Arguments.from(listOf(1,2,3).map { it.toObj() }))
+            ), ttEnd
+        )
+        var c = Context(pos = Pos.builtIn, args = Arguments.from(listOf(1, 2, 3).map { it.toObj() }))
         pa.assignToContext(c)
-        assertEquals( ObjInt(1), c["a"]?.value)
-        assertEquals( ObjInt(2), c["b"]?.value)
-        assertEquals( ObjInt(3), c["c"]?.value)
+        assertEquals(ObjInt(1), c["a"]?.value)
+        assertEquals(ObjInt(2), c["b"]?.value)
+        assertEquals(ObjInt(3), c["c"]?.value)
         // less args: error
-        c = Context(pos = Pos.builtIn, args = Arguments.from(listOf(1,2).map { it.toObj() }))
+        c = Context(pos = Pos.builtIn, args = Arguments.from(listOf(1, 2).map { it.toObj() }))
         assertFailsWith<ScriptError> {
             pa.assignToContext(c)
         }
         // less args, no ellipsis, defaults, ok
-        pa = ArgsDeclaration(listOf(
+        pa = ArgsDeclaration(
+            listOf(
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("a"),
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("b"),
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("c", defaultValue = statement { ObjInt(100) }),
-        ), ttEnd)
+            ), ttEnd
+        )
         pa.assignToContext(c)
-        assertEquals( ObjInt(1), c["a"]?.value)
-        assertEquals( ObjInt(2), c["b"]?.value)
-        assertEquals( ObjInt(100), c["c"]?.value)
+        assertEquals(ObjInt(1), c["a"]?.value)
+        assertEquals(ObjInt(2), c["b"]?.value)
+        assertEquals(ObjInt(100), c["c"]?.value)
         // enough args. default value is ignored:
         c = Context(pos = Pos.builtIn, args = Arguments.from(listOf(10, 2, 5).map { it.toObj() }))
         pa.assignToContext(c)
-        assertEquals( ObjInt(10), c["a"]?.value)
-        assertEquals( ObjInt(2), c["b"]?.value)
-        assertEquals( ObjInt(5), c["c"]?.value)
+        assertEquals(ObjInt(10), c["a"]?.value)
+        assertEquals(ObjInt(2), c["b"]?.value)
+        assertEquals(ObjInt(5), c["c"]?.value)
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -528,16 +546,18 @@ class ScriptTest {
         // equal args,
         // less args, no ellipsis, defaults, ok
         val ttEnd = Token.Type.RBRACE
-        val pa = ArgsDeclaration(listOf(
+        val pa = ArgsDeclaration(
+            listOf(
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("a"),
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("b", isEllipsis = true),
-        ), ttEnd)
-        var c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(1,2,3).map { it.toObj() }))
+            ), ttEnd
+        )
+        var c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(1, 2, 3).map { it.toObj() }))
         pa.assignToContext(c)
         c.eval("assert( a == 1 ); println(b)")
         c.eval("assert( b == [2,3] )")
 
-        c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(1,2).map { it.toObj() }))
+        c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(1, 2).map { it.toObj() }))
         pa.assignToContext(c)
         c.eval("assertEquals( a, 1 ); println(b)")
         c.eval("assertEquals( b, [2] )")
@@ -551,24 +571,26 @@ class ScriptTest {
     @Test
     fun testAssignArgumentsStartEllipsis() = runTest {
         val ttEnd = Token.Type.RBRACE
-        val pa = ArgsDeclaration(listOf(
+        val pa = ArgsDeclaration(
+            listOf(
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("a", isEllipsis = true),
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("b"),
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("c"),
-        ), ttEnd)
-        var c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(0,1,2,3).map { it.toObj() }))
+            ), ttEnd
+        )
+        var c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(0, 1, 2, 3).map { it.toObj() }))
         pa.assignToContext(c)
         c.eval("assertEquals( a,[0,1] )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( b, 2 )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( c, 3 )")
 
-        c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(1,2,3).map { it.toObj() }))
+        c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(1, 2, 3).map { it.toObj() }))
         pa.assignToContext(c)
         c.eval("assertEquals( a,[1] )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( b, 2 )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( c, 3 )")
 
-        c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(2,3).map { it.toObj() }))
+        c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(2, 3).map { it.toObj() }))
         pa.assignToContext(c)
         c.eval("assertEquals( a,[] )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( b, 2 )")
@@ -583,34 +605,36 @@ class ScriptTest {
     @Test
     fun testAssignArgumentsmiddleEllipsis() = runTest {
         val ttEnd = Token.Type.RBRACE
-        val pa = ArgsDeclaration(listOf(
+        val pa = ArgsDeclaration(
+            listOf(
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("i"),
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("a", isEllipsis = true),
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("b"),
                 ArgsDeclaration.Item("c"),
-        ), ttEnd)
-        var c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(-1,0,1,2,3).map { it.toObj() }))
+            ), ttEnd
+        )
+        var c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(-1, 0, 1, 2, 3).map { it.toObj() }))
         pa.assignToContext(c)
         c.eval("assertEquals( i, -1 )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( a,[0,1] )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( b, 2 )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( c, 3 )")
 
-        c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(0, 1,2,3).map { it.toObj() }))
+        c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(0, 1, 2, 3).map { it.toObj() }))
         pa.assignToContext(c)
         c.eval("assertEquals( i, 0 )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( a,[1] )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( b, 2 )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( c, 3 )")
 
-        c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(1,2,3).map { it.toObj() }))
+        c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(1, 2, 3).map { it.toObj() }))
         pa.assignToContext(c)
         c.eval("assertEquals( i, 1)")
         c.eval("assertEquals( a,[] )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( b, 2 )")
         c.eval("assertEquals( c, 3 )")
 
-        c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(2,3).map { it.toObj() }))
+        c = Context(args = Arguments.from(listOf(2, 3).map { it.toObj() }))
         assertFailsWith<ExecutionError> {
             pa.assignToContext(c)
         }
@@ -1385,8 +1409,9 @@ class ScriptTest {
     @Test
     fun testSimpleStruct() = runTest {
         val c = Context()
-        c.eval("""
-            struct Point(x,y)
+        c.eval(
+            """
+            class Point(x,y)
             assert( Point::class is Class )
             val p = Point(2,3)
             assert(p is Point)
@@ -1398,14 +1423,16 @@ class ScriptTest {
             val p2 = Point(p.x+1,p.y+1)
             p.x = 0
             assertEquals( 0, p.x )
-        """.trimIndent())
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNonAssignalbeFieldInStruct() = runTest {
         val c = Context()
-        c.eval("""
-            struct Point(x,y)
+        c.eval(
+            """
+            class Point(x,y)
             val p = Point("2",3)
             assert(p is Point)
             assert( p.x == "2" )
@@ -1413,14 +1440,16 @@ class ScriptTest {
             
             p.x = 0
             assertEquals( 0, p.x )
-        """.trimIndent())
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testStructBodyVal() = runTest {
         val c = Context()
-        c.eval("""
-            struct Point(x,y) {
+        c.eval(
+            """
+            class Point(x,y) {
                 val length = sqrt(x*x+y*y)
                 var foo = "zero"
             }
@@ -1433,14 +1462,16 @@ class ScriptTest {
             assert( p.foo == "bar")
             // length is a val, is shoud not change
             assert( p.length == 5 )
-            """.trimIndent())
+            """.trimIndent()
+        )
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testStructBodyFun() = runTest {
         val c = Context()
-        c.eval("""
-            struct Point(x,y) {
+        c.eval(
+            """
+            class Point(x,y) {
                 fun length() { 
                     sqrt(x*x+y*y) 
                 }
@@ -1451,6 +1482,355 @@ class ScriptTest {
             p.y = 10
             println(p.length())
             assertEquals(sqrt(109), p.length())
+            """.trimIndent()
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testPrivateConstructorParams() = runTest {
+        val c = Context()
+        c.eval(
+            """
+            class Point(private var x,y)
+            val p = Point(1,2)
+            p.y = 101
+            assertThrows { p.x = 10 }
+            """
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testLBraceMethodCall() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            class Foo() {
+                fun cond(block) { 
+                    block()
+                }
+            }
+            val f = Foo()
+            assertEquals( 1, f.cond { 1 } )
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testLBraceFnCall() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            fun cond(block) { 
+                block()
+            }
+            assertEquals( 1, cond { 1 } )
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testClasstoString() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            class Point {
+                var x
+                var y
+            }
+            val p = Point()
+            p.x = 1
+            p.y = 2
+            println(p)
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testClassDefaultCompare() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            class Point(x,y)
+            assert( Point(1,2) == Point(1,2) )
+            assert( Point(1,2) !== Point(1,2) )
+            assert( Point(1,2) != Point(1,3) )
+            assert( Point(1,2) < Point(2,2) )
+            assert( Point(1,2) < Point(1,3) )
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAccessShortcuts() {
+        assertTrue(Visibility.Public.isPublic)
+        assertFalse(Visibility.Private.isPublic)
+        assertFalse(Visibility.Protected.isPublic)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun segfault1Test() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            
+            fun findSumLimit(f) {
+                var sum = 0.0
+                for( n in 1..1000000 ) {
+                    val s0 = sum
+                    sum += f(n)
+                    if( abs(sum - s0) < 0.00001 ) { 
+                        println("limit reached after "+n+" rounds")
+                        break sum
+                    }
+                    n++
+                }
+                else {
+                    println("limit not reached")
+                    null
+                }
+            }
+
+            val limit = findSumLimit { n -> 1.0/n/n }
+            
+            println("Result: "+limit)
+        """
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testIntExponentRealForm() = runTest {
+        assertEquals("1.0E-6", eval("1e-6").toString())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testCallLastBlockAfterDetault() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            // this means last is lambda:
+            fun f(e=1, f) {
+                "e="+e+"f="+f()
+            }
+            assertEquals("e=1f=xx", f { "xx" })
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testCallLastBlockWithEllipsis() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            // this means last is lambda:
+            fun f(e..., f) {
+                "e="+e+"f="+f()
+            }
+            assertEquals("e=[]f=xx", f { "xx" })
+            assertEquals("e=[1, 2]f=xx", f(1,2) { "xx" })
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testMethodCallLastBlockAfterDefault() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            class Foo {
+                // this means last is lambda:
+                fun f(e=1, f) {
+                    "e="+e+"f="+f()
+                }
+            }
+            val f = Foo()
+            assertEquals("e=1f=xx", f.f { "xx" })
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testMethodCallLastBlockWithEllipsis() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            class Foo {
+                // this means last is lambda:
+                fun f(e..., f) {
+                    "e="+e+"f="+f()
+                }
+            }
+            val f = Foo()
+            assertEquals("e=[]f=xx", f.f { "xx" })
+            assertEquals("e=[1, 2]f=xx", f.f(1,2) { "xx" })
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun nationalCharsTest() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            fun сумма_ряда(x, погрешность=0.0001, f) {
+                var сумма = 0
+                for( n in 1..100000) {
+                    val следующая_сумма = сумма + f(x, n)
+                    if( n > 1 && abs(следующая_сумма - сумма) < погрешность )
+                        break следующая_сумма
+                    сумма = следующая_сумма
+                }
+                else null
+            }
+            val x = сумма_ряда(1) { x, n -> 
+                val sign = if( n % 2 == 1 ) 1 else -1
+                sign * pow(x, n) / n
+            }
+            assert( x - ln(2) < 0.001 )
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun doWhileSimpleTest() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            var sum = 0
+            var x = do {
+                val s = sum
+                sum += 1
+            } while( s < 10 )
+            assertEquals(11, x)
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testFailDoWhileSample1() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            fun readLine() { "done: result" }
+            val result = do {
+                val line = readLine()
+            } while( !line.startsWith("done:") )
+            assertEquals("result", result.drop(6))
+            result
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testForContinue() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            var x = 0
+            for( i in 1..10 ) {
+                if( i % 2 == 0 ) continue
+                println(i)
+                x++
+            }
+            assertEquals(5, x)
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testForLabelNreakTest() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            var x = 0
+            var y = 0
+            FOR0@ for( i in 1..10 ) {
+                x = i
+                for( j in 1..20 ) {
+                    y = j
+                    if( i == 3 && j == 5 ) {
+                        println("bb")
+                        break@FOR0
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            assertEquals( 5, y )
+            assertEquals( 3, x )
+        """
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testThrowExisting()= runTest {
+        eval("""
+            val x = IllegalArgumentException("test")
+            assert( x is Exception )
+
+            var t = 0
+            var finallyCaught = false
+            try {
+                t = 1
+                throw x
+                t = 2
+            }
+            catch( e: SymbolNotDefinedException ) {
+                t = 101
+            }
+            catch( e: IllegalArgumentException ) {
+                t = 3
+            }
+            finally {
+                finallyCaught = true
+            }
+            assertEquals(3, t)
+            assert(finallyCaught)
         """.trimIndent())
     }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testCatchShort1()= runTest {
+        eval("""
+            val x = IllegalArgumentException("test")
+            var t = 0
+            var finallyCaught = false
+            try {
+                t = 1
+                throw x
+                t = 2
+            }
+            catch(e) {
+                t = 31
+            }
+            finally {
+                finallyCaught = true
+            }
+            assertEquals(31, t)
+            assert(finallyCaught)
+        """.trimIndent())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testCatchShort2()= runTest {
+        eval("""
+            val x = IllegalArgumentException("test")
+            var caught = null
+            try {
+                throw x
+            }
+            catch {
+                caught = it
+            }
+            assert( caught is IllegalArgumentException )
+        """.trimIndent())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAccessEHData() = runTest {
+        eval("""
+            val x = IllegalArgumentException("test")
+            val m = try {
+                throw x
+                null
+            }
+            catch(e) {
+                println(e)
+                println(e::class)
+                println(e.message)
+                println("--------------")
+                e.message    
+            }
+            println(m)
+            assert( m == "test" )
+            """.trimIndent())
+    }
+
 }

library/src/jvmTest/kotlin/BookTest.kt

@@ -268,4 +268,9 @@ class BookTest {
     fun testArgumentBooks() = runTest {
         runDocTests("../docs/declaring_arguments.md")
     }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testExceptionsBooks() = runTest {
+        runDocTests("../docs/exceptions_handling.md")
+    }
 }

lyng/src/commonMain/kotlin/Common.kt

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ val baseContext = Context().apply {
     }
 }
 
-class LyngCLI(val launcher: (suspend () -> Unit) -> Unit) : CliktCommand() {
+class Lyng(val launcher: (suspend () -> Unit) -> Unit) : CliktCommand() {
 
     override val printHelpOnEmptyArgs = true
 

lyng/src/jvmMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng_cli/Main.kt

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ package net.sergeych.lyng_cli
 
 import com.github.ajalt.clikt.core.main
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
-import net.sergeych.LyngCLI
+import net.sergeych.Lyng
 
 fun main(args: Array<String>) {
-    LyngCLI({ runBlocking { it() } }).main(args)
+    Lyng({ runBlocking { it() } }).main(args)
 }

lyng/src/linuxX64Main/kotlin/Main.kt

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import com.github.ajalt.clikt.core.main
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
-import net.sergeych.LyngCLI
+import net.sergeych.Lyng
 
 fun main(args: Array<String>) {
-    LyngCLI( { runBlocking { it() } }).main(args)
+    Lyng( { runBlocking { it() } }).main(args)
 }