lambda syntax added
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@ -2,24 +2,24 @@
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## Closures/scopes isolation
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Each block has own scope, in which it can safely uses closures and override
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outer vars:
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> blocks are no-yet-ready lambda declaration so this sample will soon be altered
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Each block has own scope, in which it can safely use closures and override
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outer vars. Lets use some lambdas to create isolated scopes:
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var param = "global"
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val prefix = "param in "
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val scope1 = {
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var param = prefix + "scope1"
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param
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}
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val scope2 = {
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var param = prefix + "scope2"
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param
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}
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// note that block returns its last value
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println(scope1)
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println(scope2)
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println(scope1())
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println(scope2())
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println(param)
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>>> param in scope1
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>>> param in scope2
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@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ One interesting way of using closure isolation is to keep state of the functions
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counter = counter + 1
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was
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}
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}
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}()
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// notice using of () above: it calls the lambda block that returns
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// a function (callable!) that we will use:
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println(getAndIncrement())
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println(getAndIncrement())
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println(getAndIncrement())
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@ -50,3 +52,26 @@ One interesting way of using closure isolation is to keep state of the functions
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Inner `counter` is not accessible from outside, no way; still it is kept
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between calls in the closure, as inner function `doit`, returned from the
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block, keeps reference to it and keeps it alive.
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The example above could be rewritten using inner lambda, too:
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val getAndIncrement = {
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// will be updated by doIt()
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var counter = 0
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// we return callable fn from the block:
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{
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val was = counter
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counter = counter + 1
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was
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}
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}()
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// notice using of () above: it calls the lambda block that returns
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// a function (callable!) that we will use:
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println(getAndIncrement())
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println(getAndIncrement())
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println(getAndIncrement())
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>>> 0
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>>> 1
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>>> 2
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>>> void
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@ -219,7 +219,17 @@ likely will know some English, the rest is the pure uncertainty.
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Notice how function definition return a value, instance of `Callable`.
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You can use both `fn` and `fun`. Note that function declaration _is an expression returning callable_.
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You can use both `fn` and `fun`. Note that function declaration _is an expression returning callable_,
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but Lyng syntax requires using the __lambda syntax__ to create such.
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val check = {
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it > 0 && it < 100
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}
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assert( check(1) )
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assert( !check(101) )
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>>> void
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See lambdas section below.
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There are default parameters in Lyng:
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@ -239,13 +249,16 @@ Each __block has an isolated context that can be accessed from closures__. For e
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var counter = 1
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// this is ok: coumter is incremented
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// this is ok: counter is incremented
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fun increment(amount=1) {
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// use counter from a closure:
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counter = counter + amount
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}
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val taskAlias = fun someTask() {
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increment(10)
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assert( counter == 11 )
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val callable = {
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// this obscures global outer var with a local one
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var counter = 0
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// ...
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@ -253,24 +266,57 @@ Each __block has an isolated context that can be accessed from closures__. For e
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// ...
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counter
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}
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assert(callable() == 1)
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// but the global counter is not changed:
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assert(counter == 11)
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>>> void
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As was told, `fun` statement return callable for the function, it could be used as a parameter, or elsewhere
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to call it:
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## Lambda functions
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val taskAlias = fun someTask() {
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println("Hello")
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Lambda expression is a block with optional argument list ending with `->`. If argument list is omitted,
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the call arguments will be assigned to `it`:
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lambda = {
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it + "!"
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}
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// call the callable stored in the var
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taskAlias()
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// or directly:
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someTask()
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>>> Hello
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>>> Hello
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assert( lambda is Callable)
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assert( lambda("hello") == "hello!" )
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void
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### `it` assignment rules
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When lambda is called with:
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- no arguments: `it == void`
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- exactly one argument: `it` will be assigned to it
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- more than 1 argument: `it` will be a `List` with these arguments:
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Here is an example:
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val lambda = { it }
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assert( lambda() == void )
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assert( lambda("one") == "one")
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assert( lambda("one", "two") == ["one", "two"])
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>>> void
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If you need to create _unnamed_ function, use alternative syntax (TBD, like { -> } ?)
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### Declaring parameters
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Parameter is a list of comma-separated names, with optional default value; last
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one could be with ellipsis that means "the rest pf arguments as List":
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assert( { a -> a }(10) == 10 )
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assert( { a, b -> [a,b] }(1,2) == [1,2])
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assert( { a, b=-1 -> [a,b] }(1) == [1,-1])
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assert( { a, b...-> [a,...b] }(100) == [100])
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// notice that splat syntax in array literal unrills
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// ellipsis-caught arguments back:
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assert( { a, b...-> [a,...b] }(100, 1, 2, 3) == [100, 1, 2, 3])
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void
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# Lists (aka arrays)
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Lyng has built-in mutable array class `List` with simple literals:
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@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ data class Arguments(val list: List<Info>) : Iterable<Obj> {
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operator fun get(index: Int): Obj = list[index].value
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val values: List<Obj> by lazy { list.map { it.value } }
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fun firstAndOnly(): Obj {
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if (list.size != 1) throw IllegalArgumentException("Expected one argument, got ${list.size}")
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return list.first().value
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@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
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package net.sergeych.lyng
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import net.sergeych.ling.TypeDecl
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/**
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* The LYNG compiler.
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*/
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@ -28,22 +30,6 @@ class Compiler(
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val t = cc.next()
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return when (t.type) {
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Token.Type.ID -> {
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// could be keyword, assignment or just the expression
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// val next = tokens.next()
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// if (next.type == Token.Type.ASSIGN) {
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// this _is_ assignment statement
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// return AssignStatement(
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// t.pos, t.value,
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// parseStatement(tokens) ?: throw ScriptError(
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// t.pos,
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// "Expecting expression for assignment operator"
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// )
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// )
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// }
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// not assignment, maybe keyword statement:
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// get back the token which is not '=':
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// tokens.previous()
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// try keyword statement
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parseKeywordStatement(t, cc)
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?: run {
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cc.previous()
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@ -315,11 +301,11 @@ class Compiler(
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}
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}
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// Token.Type.LBRACE -> {
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// if( operand != null ) {
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// throw ScriptError(t.pos, "syntax error: lambda expression not allowed here")
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// }
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// }
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Token.Type.LBRACE -> {
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if (operand != null) {
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throw ScriptError(t.pos, "syntax error: lambda expression not allowed here")
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} else operand = parseLambdaExpression(cc)
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}
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else -> {
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@ -331,6 +317,56 @@ class Compiler(
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}
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}
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/**
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* Parse lambda expression, leading '{' is already consumed
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*/
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private fun parseLambdaExpression(cc: CompilerContext): Accessor {
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// lambda args are different:
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val startPos = cc.currentPos()
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val argsDeclaration = parseArgsDeclaration(cc)
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if (argsDeclaration != null && argsDeclaration.endTokenType != Token.Type.ARROW)
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throw ScriptError(startPos, "lambda must have either valid arguments declaration with '->' or no arguments")
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val pos = cc.currentPos()
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val body = parseBlock(cc, skipLeadingBrace = true)
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return Accessor { _ ->
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statement {
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val context = this.copy(pos)
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if (argsDeclaration == null) {
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// no args: automatic var 'it'
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val l = args.values
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val itValue: Obj = when (l.size) {
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// no args: it == void
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0 -> ObjVoid
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// one args: it is this arg
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1 -> l[0]
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// more args: it is a list of args
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else -> ObjList(l.toMutableList())
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}
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context.addItem("it", false, itValue)
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} else {
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// assign vars as declared
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if( args.size != argsDeclaration.args.size && !argsDeclaration.args.last().isEllipsis)
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raiseArgumentError("Too many arguments : called with ${args.size}, lambda accepts only ${argsDeclaration.args.size}")
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for ((n, a) in argsDeclaration.args.withIndex()) {
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if (n >= args.size) {
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if (a.initialValue != null)
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context.addItem(a.name, false, a.initialValue.execute(context))
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else throw ScriptError(a.pos, "argument $n is out of scope")
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} else {
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val value = if( a.isEllipsis) {
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ObjList(args.values.subList(n, args.values.size).toMutableList())
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}
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else
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args[n]
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context.addItem(a.name, false, value)
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}
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}
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}
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body.execute(context)
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}.asReadonly
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}
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}
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private fun parseArrayLiteral(cc: CompilerContext): List<ListEntry> {
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// it should be called after LBRACKET is consumed
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val entries = mutableListOf<ListEntry>()
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@ -369,6 +405,89 @@ class Compiler(
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}
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}
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data class ArgVar(
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val name: String,
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val type: TypeDecl = TypeDecl.Obj,
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val pos: Pos,
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val isEllipsis: Boolean,
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val initialValue: Statement? = null
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)
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data class ArgsDeclaration(val args: List<ArgVar>, val endTokenType: Token.Type) {
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init {
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val i = args.indexOfFirst { it.isEllipsis }
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if (i >= 0 && i != args.lastIndex) throw ScriptError(args[i].pos, "ellipsis argument must be last")
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}
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}
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/**
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* Parse argument declaration, used in lambda (and later in fn too)
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* @return declaration or null if there is no valid list of arguments
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*/
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private fun parseArgsDeclaration(cc: CompilerContext): ArgsDeclaration? {
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val result = mutableListOf<ArgVar>()
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var endTokenType: Token.Type? = null
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val startPos = cc.savePos()
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while (endTokenType == null) {
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val t = cc.next()
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when (t.type) {
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Token.Type.NEWLINE -> {}
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Token.Type.ID -> {
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var defaultValue: Statement? = null
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cc.ifNextIs(Token.Type.ASSIGN) {
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defaultValue = parseExpression(cc)
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}
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// type information
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val typeInfo = parseTypeDeclaration(cc)
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val isEllipsis = cc.skipTokenOfType(Token.Type.ELLIPSIS, isOptional = true)
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result += ArgVar(t.value, typeInfo, t.pos, isEllipsis, defaultValue)
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// important: valid argument list continues with ',' and ends with '->' or ')'
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// otherwise it is not an argument list:
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when (val tt = cc.next().type) {
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Token.Type.RPAREN -> {
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// end of arguments
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endTokenType = tt
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}
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Token.Type.ARROW -> {
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// end of arguments too
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endTokenType = tt
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}
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Token.Type.COMMA -> {
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// next argument, OK
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}
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else -> {
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// this is not a valid list of arguments:
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cc.restorePos(startPos) // for the current
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return null
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}
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}
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}
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else -> {
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// if we get here. there os also no valid list of arguments:
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cc.restorePos(startPos)
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return null
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}
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}
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}
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// arg list is valid:
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checkNotNull(endTokenType)
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return ArgsDeclaration(result, endTokenType)
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}
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private fun parseTypeDeclaration(cc: CompilerContext): TypeDecl {
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val result = TypeDecl.Obj
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cc.ifNextIs(Token.Type.COLON) {
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TODO("parse type declaration here")
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}
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return result
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}
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private fun parseArgs(cc: CompilerContext): List<ParsedArgument> {
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val args = mutableListOf<ParsedArgument>()
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do {
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@ -837,16 +956,19 @@ class Compiler(
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}
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}
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private fun parseBlock(tokens: CompilerContext): Statement {
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val t = tokens.next()
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private fun parseBlock(cc: CompilerContext, skipLeadingBrace: Boolean = false): Statement {
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val startPos = cc.currentPos()
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if( !skipLeadingBrace ) {
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val t = cc.next()
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if (t.type != Token.Type.LBRACE)
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throw ScriptError(t.pos, "Expected block body start: {")
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val block = parseScript(t.pos, tokens)
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return statement(t.pos) {
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}
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val block = parseScript(startPos, cc)
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return statement(startPos) {
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// block run on inner context:
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block.execute(it.copy(t.pos))
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block.execute(it.copy(startPos))
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}.also {
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val t1 = tokens.next()
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val t1 = cc.next()
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if (t1.type != Token.Type.RBRACE)
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throw ScriptError(t1.pos, "unbalanced braces: expected block body end: }")
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}
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@ -870,7 +992,7 @@ class Compiler(
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}
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}
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val initialExpression = if (setNull) null else parseStatement(tokens)
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val initialExpression = if (setNull) null else parseExpression(tokens)
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?: throw ScriptError(eqToken.pos, "Expected initializer expression")
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return statement(nameToken.pos) { context ->
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@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
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package net.sergeych.lyng
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internal class CompilerContext(val tokens: List<Token>) : ListIterator<Token> by tokens.listIterator() {
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internal class CompilerContext(val tokens: List<Token>) {
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val labels = mutableSetOf<String>()
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var currentIndex = 0
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fun hasNext() = currentIndex < tokens.size
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fun hasPrevious() = currentIndex > 0
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fun next() = tokens.getOrElse(currentIndex) { throw IllegalStateException("No next token") }.also { currentIndex++ }
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fun previous() = if( !hasPrevious() ) throw IllegalStateException("No previous token") else tokens[--currentIndex]
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fun savePos() = currentIndex
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fun restorePos(pos: Int) { currentIndex = pos }
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fun ensureLabelIsValid(pos: Pos, label: String) {
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if (label !in labels)
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throw ScriptError(pos, "Undefined label '$label'")
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@ -83,6 +83,11 @@ private class Parser(fromPos: Pos) {
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Token("-", from, Token.Type.MINUSASSIGN)
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}
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'>' -> {
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pos.advance()
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Token("->", from, Token.Type.ARROW)
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}
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else -> Token("-", from, Token.Type.MINUS)
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}
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}
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@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ class Script(
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addConst("Char", ObjChar.type)
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addConst("List", ObjList.type)
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addConst("Range", ObjRange.type)
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@Suppress("RemoveRedundantQualifierName")
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addConst("Callable", Statement.type)
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// interfaces
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addConst("Iterable", ObjIterable)
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addConst("Array", ObjArray)
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@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
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package net.sergeych.ling
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sealed class TypeDecl {
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object Obj : TypeDecl()
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}
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@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ abstract class Statement(
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val returnType: ObjType = ObjType.Any
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) : Obj() {
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override val objClass: ObjClass = type
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abstract val pos: Pos
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abstract suspend fun execute(context: Context): Obj
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@ -28,6 +30,10 @@ abstract class Statement(
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override fun toString(): String = "Callable@${this.hashCode()}"
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companion object {
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val type = ObjClass("Callable")
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}
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}
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fun Statement.raise(text: String): Nothing {
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@ -1040,14 +1040,75 @@ class ScriptTest {
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}
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@Test
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fun testLambda1() = runTest {
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val l = eval("""
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fun testLambdaWithIt1() = runTest {
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eval("""
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val x = {
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122
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it + "!"
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}
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x
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val y = if( 4 < 3 ) "NG" else "OK"
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assert( x::class == Callable)
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assert( x is Callable)
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assert(y == "OK")
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assert( x("hello") == "hello!")
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""".trimIndent())
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println(l)
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}
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@Test
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fun testLambdaWithIt2() = runTest {
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eval("""
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||||
val x = {
|
||||
assert(it == void)
|
||||
}
|
||||
assert( x() == void)
|
||||
""".trimIndent())
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Test
|
||||
fun testLambdaWithIt3() = runTest {
|
||||
eval("""
|
||||
val x = {
|
||||
assert( it == [1,2,"end"])
|
||||
}
|
||||
println("0----")
|
||||
assert( x(1, 2, "end") == void)
|
||||
""".trimIndent())
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Test
|
||||
fun testLambdaWithArgs() = runTest {
|
||||
eval("""
|
||||
val x = { x, y, z ->
|
||||
assert( [x, y, z] == [1,2,"end"])
|
||||
}
|
||||
assert( x(1, 2, "end") == void)
|
||||
""".trimIndent())
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Test
|
||||
fun testLambdaWithArgsEllipsis() = runTest {
|
||||
eval("""
|
||||
val x = { x, y... ->
|
||||
println("-- y=",y)
|
||||
println(":: "+y::class)
|
||||
assert( [x, ...y] == [1,2,"end"])
|
||||
}
|
||||
assert( x(1, 2, "end") == void)
|
||||
assert( x(1, ...[2, "end"]) == void)
|
||||
""".trimIndent())
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Test
|
||||
fun testLambdaWithBadArgs() = runTest {
|
||||
assertFails {
|
||||
eval(
|
||||
"""
|
||||
val x = { x, y ->
|
||||
void
|
||||
}
|
||||
assert( x(1, 2) == void)
|
||||
assert( x(1, ...[2, "end"]) == void)
|
||||
""".trimIndent()
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
Loading…
x
Reference in New Issue
Block a user