v0.10.1-SNAPSHOT optimization: Accessor refactored now use more effective ObjRef and slots for locals

docs/parallelism.md

@@ -36,19 +36,19 @@ Launch has the only argument which should be a callable (lambda usually) that is
 
 ## Synchronization: Mutex
 
-Suppose we have a resource, that could be used concurrently, a coutner in our case. If we won'r protect it, concurrent usage cause RC, Race Condition, providing wrong result:
+Suppose we have a resource, that could be used concurrently, a counter in our case. If we won't protect it, concurrent usage cause RC, Race Condition, providing wrong result:
 
     var counter = 0
     
-    (1..4).map { 
+    (1..50).map { 
         launch {
             // slow increment:
             val c = counter
-            delay(10)
+            delay(100)
             counter = c + 1
         }
     }.forEach { it.await() }
-    assert(counter < 4)
+    assert(counter < 50) { "counter is "+counter }
     >>> void
 
 The obviously wrong result is not 4, as all coroutines capture the counter value, which is 1, then sleep for 5ms, then save 1 + 1 as result. May some coroutines will pass, so it will be 1 or 2, most likely.

docs/tutorial.md

@@ -1217,13 +1217,13 @@ same as:
 
 Are the same as in string literals with little difference:
 
-| escape | ASCII value       |
+| escape | ASCII value           |
-|--------|-------------------|
+|--------|-----------------------|
-| \n     | 0x10, newline     |
+| \n     | 0x10, newline         |
 | \r     | 0x13, carriage return |
-| \t     | 0x07, tabulation  |
+| \t     | 0x07, tabulation      |
-| \\     | \ slash character |
+| \\     | \ slash character     |
-| \'     | ' apostrophe      |
+| \'     | ' apostrophe          |
 
 ### Char instance members
 
@@ -1290,7 +1290,6 @@ Open-ended ranges could be used to get start and end too:
     assertEquals( "pult", "catapult"[ 4.. ])
     >>> void
 
-
 ### String operations
 
 Concatenation is a `+`: `"hello " + name` works as expected. No confusion. There is also
@@ -1338,7 +1337,6 @@ Typical set of String functions includes:
 | matches(re)        | matches the regular expression (2)                         |
 |                    |                                                            |
 
-
 (1)
 : List is mutable therefore a new copy is created on each call.
 
@@ -1371,20 +1369,26 @@ if blank, will be removed too, for example:
 
 See [math functions](math.md). Other general purpose functions are:
 
-| name                                         | description                                                |
+| name                                  | description                                                |
-|----------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|
+|---------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|
-| assert(condition,message="assertion failed") | runtime code check. There will be an option to skip them   |
+| assert(condition, fn)                 | (1) runtime code check with generic or custom nessage `fn` |
-| assertEquals(a,b)                            |                                                            |
+| assertEquals(a,b)                     |                                                            |
-| assertNotEquals(a,b)                         |                                                            |
+| assertNotEquals(a,b)                  |                                                            |
-| assertTrows { /* block */ }                  |                                                            |
+| assertTrows { /* block */ }           |                                                            |
-| check(condition, message=<default>)          | throws IllegalStateException" of condition isn't met       |
+| check(condition, message=<default>)   | throws IllegalStateException" of condition isn't met       |
-| require(condition, message=<default>)        | throws IllegalArgumentException" of condition isn't met    |
+| require(condition, message=<default>) | throws IllegalArgumentException" of condition isn't met    |
-| println(args...)                             | Open for overriding, it prints to stdout with newline.     |
+| println(args...)                      | Open for overriding, it prints to stdout with newline.     |
-| print(args...)                               | Open for overriding, it prints to stdout without newline.  |
+| print(args...)                        | Open for overriding, it prints to stdout without newline.  |
-| flow {}                                      | create flow sequence, see [parallelism]                    |
+| flow {}                               | create flow sequence, see [parallelism]                    |
-| delay, launch, yield                         | see [parallelism]                                          |
+| delay, launch, yield                  | see [parallelism]                                          |
-| cached(builder)                              | remembers builder() on first invocation and return it then |
+| cached(builder)                       | remembers builder() on first invocation and return it then |
-| let, also, apply, run                        | see above, flow controls                                   |
+| let, also, apply, run                 | see above, flow controls                                   |
+
+(1)
+: `fn` is optional lambda returning string message to add to exception string. 
+Lambda avoid unnecessary execution if assertion is not failed. for example:
+
+    assert( x < 10 ) { "x=%s should be < 10"(x) } 
 
 # Built-in constants
 

lyng/src/commonMain/kotlin/Common.kt

@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ private class Lyng(val launcher: (suspend () -> Unit) -> Unit) : CliktCommand()
     override val printHelpOnEmptyArgs = true
 
     val version by option("-v", "--version", help = "Print version and exit").flag()
+    val benchmark by option("--benchmark", help = "Run JVM microbenchmarks and exit").flag()
     val script by argument(help = "one or more scripts to execute").optional()
     val execute: String? by option(
         "-x", "--execute", help = """

lyng/src/jvmMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng_cli/Benchmark.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package net.sergeych.lyng_cli
+
+import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
+import net.sergeych.lyng.Compiler
+import net.sergeych.lyng.Script
+
+object BenchmarkRunner {
+    private fun format(nanos: Long, iters: Int): String {
+        val secs = nanos / 1_000_000_000.0
+        val ips = iters / secs
+        return "%.3f s, %.0f ops/s".format(secs, ips)
+    }
+
+    private suspend fun runCase(name: String, code: String, iters: Int): Pair<String, String> {
+        val script = Compiler.compile(code)
+        // warmup
+        repeat(2) { script.execute(Script.newScope()) }
+        val start = System.nanoTime()
+        repeat(iters) { script.execute(Script.newScope()) }
+        val end = System.nanoTime()
+        return name to format(end - start, iters)
+    }
+
+    fun runAll() = runBlocking {
+        val iterations = 2000
+        val cases = listOf(
+            // Field get/set in a loop
+            "field_inc" to """
+                class C { var x = 0 }
+                var c = C()
+                var i = 0
+                while( i < 1000 ) { c.x = c.x + 1; i = i + 1 }
+                c.x
+            """.trimIndent(),
+            // Pure arithmetic with literals
+            "arith_literals" to """
+                var s = 0
+                var i = 0
+                while( i < 1000 ) { s = s + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5; i = i + 1 }
+                s
+            """.trimIndent(),
+            // Method call overhead via instance method
+            "method_call" to """
+                class C { fun inc() { this.x = this.x + 1 } var x = 0 }
+                var c = C()
+                var i = 0
+                while( i < 1000 ) { c.inc(); i = i + 1 }
+                c.x
+            """.trimIndent()
+        )
+
+        println("[BENCHMARK] iterations per case: $iterations")
+        for ((name, code) in cases) {
+            val (n, res) = runCase(name, code, iterations)
+            println("[BENCHMARK] $n: $res")
+        }
+    }
+}

lyng/src/jvmMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng_cli/Main.kt

@@ -20,5 +20,9 @@ package net.sergeych.lyng_cli
 import net.sergeych.runMain
 
 fun main(args: Array<String>) {
+    if (args.contains("--benchmark")) {
+        BenchmarkRunner.runAll()
+        return
+    }
     runMain(args)
 }

lynglib/build.gradle.kts

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.ExperimentalWasmDsl
 import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.JvmTarget
 
 group = "net.sergeych"
-version = "0.9.3-SNAPSHOT"
+version = "0.10.1-SNAPSHOT"
 
 buildscript {
     repositories {

lynglib/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/Compiler.kt

@@ -183,13 +183,13 @@ class Compiler(
 
     private suspend fun parseExpression(): Statement? {
         val pos = cc.currentPos()
-        return parseExpressionLevel()?.let { a -> statement(pos) { a.getter(it).value } }
+        return parseExpressionLevel()?.let { a -> statement(pos) { a.get(it).value } }
     }
 
-    private suspend fun parseExpressionLevel(level: Int = 0): Accessor? {
+    private suspend fun parseExpressionLevel(level: Int = 0): ObjRef? {
         if (level == lastLevel)
             return parseTerm()
-        var lvalue: Accessor? = parseExpressionLevel(level + 1) ?: return null
+        var lvalue: ObjRef? = parseExpressionLevel(level + 1) ?: return null
 
         while (true) {
 
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ class Compiler(
         return lvalue
     }
 
-    private suspend fun parseTerm(): Accessor? {
+    private suspend fun parseTerm(): ObjRef? {
-        var operand: Accessor? = null
+        var operand: ObjRef? = null
 
         // newlines _before_
         cc.skipWsTokens()
@@ -242,9 +242,9 @@ class Compiler(
                 }
 
                 Token.Type.NOT -> {
-                    if (operand != null) throw ScriptError(t.pos, "unexpected operator not '!'")
+                    if (operand != null) throw ScriptError(t.pos, "unexpected operator not '!' ")
                     val op = parseTerm() ?: throw ScriptError(t.pos, "Expecting expression")
-                    operand = Accessor { op.getter(it).value.logicalNot(it).asReadonly }
+                    operand = UnaryOpRef(UnaryOp.NOT, op)
                 }
 
                 Token.Type.DOT, Token.Type.NULL_COALESCE -> {
@@ -260,58 +260,29 @@ class Compiler(
                                 Token.Type.LPAREN -> {
                                     cc.next()
                                     // instance method call
-                                    val args = parseArgs().first
+                                    val parsed = parseArgs()
+                                    val args = parsed.first
+                                    val tailBlock = parsed.second
                                     isCall = true
-                                    operand = Accessor { context ->
+                                    operand = MethodCallRef(left, next.value, args, tailBlock, isOptional)
-                                        context.pos = next.pos
-                                        val v = left.getter(context).value
-                                        if (v == ObjNull && isOptional)
-                                            ObjNull.asReadonly
-                                        else
-                                            ObjRecord(
-                                                v.invokeInstanceMethod(
-                                                    context,
-                                                    next.value,
-                                                    args.toArguments(context, false)
-                                                ), isMutable = false
-                                            )
-                                    }
                                 }
 
 
                                 Token.Type.LBRACE, Token.Type.NULL_COALESCE_BLOCKINVOKE -> {
-                                    // single lambda arg, like assertTrows { ... }
+                                    // single lambda arg, like assertThrows { ... }
                                     cc.next()
                                     isCall = true
-                                    val lambda =
+                                                val lambda = parseLambdaExpression()
-                                        parseLambdaExpression()
+                                    val argStmt = statement { lambda.get(this).value }
-                                    operand = Accessor { context ->
+                                    val args = listOf(ParsedArgument(argStmt, next.pos))
-                                        context.pos = next.pos
+                                    operand = MethodCallRef(left, next.value, args, true, isOptional)
-                                        val v = left.getter(context).value
-                                        if (v == ObjNull && isOptional)
-                                            ObjNull.asReadonly
-                                        else
-                                            ObjRecord(
-                                                v.invokeInstanceMethod(
-                                                    context,
-                                                    next.value,
-                                                    Arguments(listOf(lambda.getter(context).value), true)
-                                                ), isMutable = false
-                                            )
-                                    }
                                 }
 
                                 else -> {}
                             }
                         }
                         if (!isCall) {
-                            operand = Accessor({ context ->
+                            operand = FieldRef(left, next.value, isOptional)
-                                val x = left.getter(context).value
-                                if (x == ObjNull && isOptional) ObjNull.asReadonly
-                                else x.readField(context, next.value)
-                            }) { cxt, newValue ->
-                                left.getter(cxt).value.writeField(cxt, next.value, newValue)
-                            }
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -333,9 +304,7 @@ class Compiler(
                     } ?: run {
                         // Expression in parentheses
                         val statement = parseStatement() ?: throw ScriptError(t.pos, "Expecting expression")
-                        operand = Accessor {
+                        operand = StatementRef(statement)
-                            statement.execute(it).asReadonly
-                        }
                         cc.skipTokenOfType(Token.Type.NEWLINE, isOptional = true)
                         cc.skipTokenOfType(Token.Type.RPAREN, "missing ')'")
                     }
@@ -343,41 +312,16 @@ class Compiler(
 
                 Token.Type.LBRACKET, Token.Type.NULL_COALESCE_INDEX -> {
                     operand?.let { left ->
-                        // array access
+                        // array access via ObjRef
                         val isOptional = t.type == Token.Type.NULL_COALESCE_INDEX
                         val index = parseStatement() ?: throw ScriptError(t.pos, "Expecting index expression")
                         cc.skipTokenOfType(Token.Type.RBRACKET, "missing ']' at the end of the list literal")
-                        operand = Accessor({ cxt ->
+                        operand = IndexRef(left, StatementRef(index), isOptional)
-                            val i = index.execute(cxt)
-                            val x = left.getter(cxt).value
-                            if (x == ObjNull && isOptional) ObjNull.asReadonly
-                            else x.getAt(cxt, i).asMutable
-                        }) { cxt, newValue ->
-                            left.getter(cxt).value.putAt(cxt, index.execute(cxt), newValue)
-                        }
                     } ?: run {
                         // array literal
                         val entries = parseArrayLiteral()
-                        // if it didn't throw, ot parsed ot and consumed it all
+                        // build list literal via ObjRef node (no per-access lambdas)
-                        operand = Accessor { cxt ->
+                        operand = ListLiteralRef(entries)
-                            val list = mutableListOf<Obj>()
-                            for (e in entries) {
-                                when (e) {
-                                    is ListEntry.Element -> {
-                                        list += e.accessor.getter(cxt).value
-                                    }
-
-                                    is ListEntry.Spread -> {
-                                        val elements = e.accessor.getter(cxt).value
-                                        when {
-                                            elements is ObjList -> list.addAll(elements.list)
-                                            else -> cxt.raiseError("Spread element must be list")
-                                        }
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                            ObjList(list).asReadonly
-                        }
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -388,7 +332,7 @@ class Compiler(
                             if (operand != null) throw ScriptError(t.pos, "unexpected keyword")
                             cc.previous()
                             val s = parseStatement() ?: throw ScriptError(t.pos, "Expecting valid statement")
-                            operand = Accessor { s.execute(it).asReadonly }
+                            operand = StatementRef(s)
                         }
 
                         "else", "break", "continue" -> {
@@ -399,22 +343,14 @@ class Compiler(
 
                         "throw" -> {
                             val s = parseThrowStatement()
-                            operand = Accessor {
+                            operand = StatementRef(s)
-                                s.execute(it).asReadonly
-                            }
                         }
 
                         else -> operand?.let { left ->
                             // selector: <lvalue>, '.' , <id>
                             // we replace operand with selector code, that
                             // is RW:
-                            operand = Accessor({
+                            operand = FieldRef(left, t.value, false)
-                                it.pos = t.pos
-                                left.getter(it).value.readField(it, t.value)
-                            }) { cxt, newValue ->
-                                cxt.pos = t.pos
-                                left.getter(cxt).value.writeField(cxt, t.value, newValue)
-                            }
                         } ?: run {
                             // variable to read or like
                             cc.previous()
@@ -424,64 +360,22 @@ class Compiler(
                 }
 
                 Token.Type.PLUS2 -> {
-                    // note: post-increment result is not assignable (truly lvalue)
+                    // ++ (post if operand exists, pre otherwise)
-                    operand?.let { left ->
+                    operand = operand?.let { left ->
-                        // post increment
+                        IncDecRef(left, isIncrement = true, isPost = true, atPos = startPos)
-                        left.setter(startPos)
-                        operand = Accessor { cxt ->
-                            val x = left.getter(cxt)
-                            if (x.isMutable) {
-                                if (x.value.isConst) {
-                                    x.value.plus(cxt, ObjInt.One).also {
-                                        left.setter(startPos)(cxt, it)
-                                    }.asReadonly
-                                } else
-                                    x.value.getAndIncrement(cxt).asReadonly
-                            } else cxt.raiseError("Cannot increment immutable value")
-                        }
                     } ?: run {
-                        // no lvalue means pre-increment, expression to increment follows
                         val next = parseTerm() ?: throw ScriptError(t.pos, "Expecting expression")
-                        operand = Accessor { ctx ->
+                        IncDecRef(next, isIncrement = true, isPost = false, atPos = startPos)
-                            val x = next.getter(ctx).also {
-                                if (!it.isMutable) ctx.raiseError("Cannot increment immutable value")
-                            }.value
-                            if (x.isConst) {
-                                next.setter(startPos)(ctx, x.plus(ctx, ObjInt.One))
-                                x.asReadonly
-                            } else x.incrementAndGet(ctx).asReadonly
-                        }
                     }
                 }
 
                 Token.Type.MINUS2 -> {
-                    // note: post-decrement result is not assignable (truly lvalue)
+                    // -- (post if operand exists, pre otherwise)
-                    operand?.let { left ->
+                    operand = operand?.let { left ->
-                        // post decrement
+                        IncDecRef(left, isIncrement = false, isPost = true, atPos = startPos)
-                        left.setter(startPos)
-                        operand = Accessor { cxt ->
-                            val x = left.getter(cxt)
-                            if (!x.isMutable) cxt.raiseError("Cannot decrement immutable value")
-                            if (x.value.isConst) {
-                                x.value.minus(cxt, ObjInt.One).also {
-                                    left.setter(startPos)(cxt, it)
-                                }.asReadonly
-                            } else
-                                x.value.getAndDecrement(cxt).asReadonly
-                        }
                     } ?: run {
-                        // no lvalue means pre-decrement, expression to decrement follows
                         val next = parseTerm() ?: throw ScriptError(t.pos, "Expecting expression")
-                        operand = Accessor { cxt ->
+                        IncDecRef(next, isIncrement = false, isPost = false, atPos = startPos)
-                            val x = next.getter(cxt)
-                            if (!x.isMutable) cxt.raiseError("Cannot decrement immutable value")
-                            if (x.value.isConst) {
-                                x.value.minus(cxt, ObjInt.One).also {
-                                    next.setter(startPos)(cxt, it)
-                                }.asReadonly
-                            } else
-                                x.value.decrementAndGet(cxt).asReadonly
-                        }
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -497,13 +391,11 @@ class Compiler(
                             null
                         else
                             parseExpression()
-                    operand = Accessor {
+                    operand = RangeRef(
-                        ObjRange(
+                        left,
-                            left?.getter?.invoke(it)?.value ?: ObjNull,
+                        right?.let { StatementRef(it) },
-                            right?.execute(it) ?: ObjNull,
+                        isEndInclusive
-                            isEndInclusive = isEndInclusive
+                    )
-                        ).asReadonly
-                    }
                 }
 
                 Token.Type.LBRACE, Token.Type.NULL_COALESCE_BLOCKINVOKE -> {
@@ -534,7 +426,7 @@ class Compiler(
     /**
      * Parse lambda expression, leading '{' is already consumed
      */
-    private suspend fun parseLambdaExpression(): Accessor {
+    private suspend fun parseLambdaExpression(): ObjRef {
         // lambda args are different:
         val startPos = cc.currentPos()
         val argsDeclaration = parseArgsDeclaration()
@@ -570,7 +462,7 @@ class Compiler(
             body.execute(context)
         }
 
-        return Accessor { x ->
+        return ValueFnRef { x ->
             closure = x
             callStatement.asReadonly
         }
@@ -600,14 +492,14 @@ class Compiler(
         }
     }
 
-    private fun parseScopeOperator(operand: Accessor?): Accessor {
+    private fun parseScopeOperator(operand: ObjRef?): ObjRef {
         // implement global scope maybe?
         if (operand == null) throw ScriptError(cc.next().pos, "Expecting expression before ::")
         val t = cc.next()
         if (t.type != Token.Type.ID) throw ScriptError(t.pos, "Expecting ID after ::")
         return when (t.value) {
-            "class" -> Accessor {
+            "class" -> ValueFnRef { scope ->
-                operand.getter(it).value.objClass.asReadonly
+                operand.get(scope).value.objClass.asReadonly
             }
 
             else -> throw ScriptError(t.pos, "Unknown scope operation: ${t.value}")
@@ -760,9 +652,9 @@ class Compiler(
             // last argument - callable
             val callableAccessor = parseLambdaExpression()
             args += ParsedArgument(
-                // transform accessor to the callable:
+                // transform ObjRef to the callable value
                 statement {
-                    callableAccessor.getter(this).value
+                    callableAccessor.get(this).value
                 },
                 end.pos
             )
@@ -774,11 +666,10 @@ class Compiler(
 
 
     private suspend fun parseFunctionCall(
-        left: Accessor,
+        left: ObjRef,
         blockArgument: Boolean,
         isOptional: Boolean
-    ): Accessor {
+    ): ObjRef {
-        // insofar, functions always return lvalue
         var detectedBlockArgument = blockArgument
         val args = if (blockArgument) {
             val blockArg = ParsedArgument(
@@ -791,75 +682,44 @@ class Compiler(
             detectedBlockArgument = r.second
             r.first
         }
-
+        return CallRef(left, args, detectedBlockArgument, isOptional)
-        return Accessor { context ->
-            val v = left.getter(context)
-            if (v.value == ObjNull && isOptional) return@Accessor v.value.asReadonly
-            v.value.callOn(
-                context.createChildScope(
-                    context.pos,
-                    args.toArguments(context, detectedBlockArgument)
-//                Arguments(
-//                    args.map { Arguments.Info((it.value as Statement).execute(context), it.pos) }
-//                ),
-                )
-            ).asReadonly
-        }
     }
 
-    private suspend fun parseAccessor(): Accessor? {
+    private suspend fun parseAccessor(): ObjRef? {
         // could be: literal
         val t = cc.next()
         return when (t.type) {
             Token.Type.INT, Token.Type.REAL, Token.Type.HEX -> {
                 cc.previous()
                 val n = parseNumber(true)
-                Accessor {
+                ConstRef(n.asReadonly)
-                    n.asReadonly
-                }
             }
 
-            Token.Type.STRING -> Accessor { ObjString(t.value).asReadonly }
+            Token.Type.STRING -> ConstRef(ObjString(t.value).asReadonly)
 
-            Token.Type.CHAR -> Accessor { ObjChar(t.value[0]).asReadonly }
+            Token.Type.CHAR -> ConstRef(ObjChar(t.value[0]).asReadonly)
 
             Token.Type.PLUS -> {
                 val n = parseNumber(true)
-                Accessor { n.asReadonly }
+                ConstRef(n.asReadonly)
             }
 
             Token.Type.MINUS -> {
                 parseNumberOrNull(false)?.let { n ->
-                    Accessor { n.asReadonly }
+                    ConstRef(n.asReadonly)
                 } ?: run {
                     val n = parseTerm() ?: throw ScriptError(t.pos, "Expecting expression after unary minus")
-                    Accessor {
+                    UnaryOpRef(UnaryOp.NEGATE, n)
-                        n.getter.invoke(it).value.negate(it).asReadonly
-                    }
                 }
             }
 
             Token.Type.ID -> {
                 when (t.value) {
-                    "void" -> Accessor { ObjVoid.asReadonly }
+                    "void" -> ConstRef(ObjVoid.asReadonly)
-                    "null" -> Accessor { ObjNull.asReadonly }
+                    "null" -> ConstRef(ObjNull.asReadonly)
-                    "true" -> Accessor { ObjBool(true).asReadonly }
+                    "true" -> ConstRef(ObjTrue.asReadonly)
-                    "false" -> Accessor { ObjFalse.asReadonly }
+                    "false" -> ConstRef(ObjFalse.asReadonly)
-                    else -> {
+                    else -> LocalVarRef(t.value, t.pos)
-                        Accessor({
-                            it.pos = t.pos
-                            it[t.value]
-                                ?: it.raiseError("symbol not defined: '${t.value}'")
-                        }) { ctx, newValue ->
-                            ctx[t.value]?.let { stored ->
-                                ctx.pos = t.pos
-                                if (stored.isMutable)
-                                    stored.value = newValue
-                                else
-                                    ctx.raiseError("Cannot assign to immutable value")
-                            } ?: ctx.raiseError("symbol not defined: '${t.value}'")
-                        }
-                    }
                 }
             }
 
@@ -1908,16 +1768,11 @@ class Compiler(
     data class Operator(
         val tokenType: Token.Type,
         val priority: Int, val arity: Int = 2,
-        val generate: (Pos, Accessor, Accessor) -> Accessor
+        val generate: (Pos, ObjRef, ObjRef) -> ObjRef
     ) {
 //        fun isLeftAssociative() = tokenType != Token.Type.OR && tokenType != Token.Type.AND
 
-        companion object {
+        companion object {}
-            fun simple(tokenType: Token.Type, priority: Int, f: suspend (Scope, Obj, Obj) -> Obj): Operator =
-                Operator(tokenType, priority, 2) { _: Pos, a: Accessor, b: Accessor ->
-                    Accessor { f(it, a.getter(it).value, b.getter(it).value).asReadonly }
-                }
-        }
 
     }
 
@@ -1931,118 +1786,104 @@ class Compiler(
         val allOps = listOf(
             // assignments, lowest priority
             Operator(Token.Type.ASSIGN, lastPriority) { pos, a, b ->
-                Accessor {
+                AssignRef(a, b, pos)
-                    val value = b.getter(it).value
-                    val access = a.getter(it)
-                    if (!access.isMutable) throw ScriptError(pos, "cannot assign to immutable variable")
-                    if (access.value.assign(it, value) == null)
-                        a.setter(pos)(it, value)
-                    value.asReadonly
-                }
             },
             Operator(Token.Type.PLUSASSIGN, lastPriority) { pos, a, b ->
-                Accessor {
+                AssignOpRef(BinOp.PLUS, a, b, pos)
-                    val x = a.getter(it).value
-                    val y = b.getter(it).value
-                    (x.plusAssign(it, y) ?: run {
-                        val result = x.plus(it, y)
-                        a.setter(pos)(it, result)
-                        result
-                    }).asReadonly
-                }
             },
             Operator(Token.Type.MINUSASSIGN, lastPriority) { pos, a, b ->
-                Accessor {
+                AssignOpRef(BinOp.MINUS, a, b, pos)
-                    val x = a.getter(it).value
-                    val y = b.getter(it).value
-                    (x.minusAssign(it, y) ?: run {
-                        val result = x.minus(it, y)
-                        a.setter(pos)(it, result)
-                        result
-                    }).asReadonly
-                }
             },
             Operator(Token.Type.STARASSIGN, lastPriority) { pos, a, b ->
-                Accessor {
+                AssignOpRef(BinOp.STAR, a, b, pos)
-                    val x = a.getter(it).value
-                    val y = b.getter(it).value
-                    (x.mulAssign(it, y) ?: run {
-                        val result = x.mul(it, y)
-                        a.setter(pos)(it, result)
-                        result
-
-                    }).asReadonly
-                }
             },
             Operator(Token.Type.SLASHASSIGN, lastPriority) { pos, a, b ->
-                Accessor {
+                AssignOpRef(BinOp.SLASH, a, b, pos)
-                    val x = a.getter(it).value
-                    val y = b.getter(it).value
-                    (x.divAssign(it, y) ?: run {
-                        val result = x.div(it, y)
-                        a.setter(pos)(it, result)
-                        result
-                    }).asReadonly
-                }
             },
             Operator(Token.Type.PERCENTASSIGN, lastPriority) { pos, a, b ->
-                Accessor {
+                AssignOpRef(BinOp.PERCENT, a, b, pos)
-                    val x = a.getter(it).value
-                    val y = b.getter(it).value
-                    (x.modAssign(it, y) ?: run {
-                        val result = x.mod(it, y)
-                        a.setter(pos)(it, result)
-                        result
-                    }).asReadonly
-                }
             },
             // logical 1
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.OR, ++lastPriority) { ctx, a, b -> a.logicalOr(ctx, b) },
+            Operator(Token.Type.OR, ++lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                LogicalOrRef(a, b)
+            },
             // logical 2
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.AND, ++lastPriority) { ctx, a, b -> a.logicalAnd(ctx, b) },
+            Operator(Token.Type.AND, ++lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
-            // bitwise or 2
+                LogicalAndRef(a, b)
-            // bitwise and 3
+            },
-            // equality/not equality 4
+            // equality/not equality and related
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.EQARROW, ++lastPriority) { _, a, b -> ObjMapEntry(a, b) },
+            Operator(Token.Type.EQARROW, ++lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
-            //
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.EQARROW, a, b)
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.EQ, ++lastPriority) { c, a, b -> ObjBool(a.compareTo(c, b) == 0) },
+            },
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.NEQ, lastPriority) { c, a, b -> ObjBool(a.compareTo(c, b) != 0) },
+            Operator(Token.Type.EQ, ++lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.REF_EQ, lastPriority) { _, a, b -> ObjBool(a === b) },
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.EQ, a, b)
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.REF_NEQ, lastPriority) { _, a, b -> ObjBool(a !== b) },
+            },
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.MATCH, lastPriority) { s, a, b -> a.operatorMatch(s,b) },
+            Operator(Token.Type.NEQ, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.NOTMATCH, lastPriority) { s, a, b -> a.operatorNotMatch(s,b) },
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.NEQ, a, b)
-            // relational <=,... 5
+            },
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.LTE, ++lastPriority) { c, a, b -> ObjBool(a.compareTo(c, b) <= 0) },
+            Operator(Token.Type.REF_EQ, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.LT, lastPriority) { c, a, b -> ObjBool(a.compareTo(c, b) < 0) },
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.REF_EQ, a, b)
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.GTE, lastPriority) { c, a, b -> ObjBool(a.compareTo(c, b) >= 0) },
+            },
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.GT, lastPriority) { c, a, b -> ObjBool(a.compareTo(c, b) > 0) },
+            Operator(Token.Type.REF_NEQ, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.REF_NEQ, a, b)
+            },
+            Operator(Token.Type.MATCH, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.MATCH, a, b)
+            },
+            Operator(Token.Type.NOTMATCH, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.NOTMATCH, a, b)
+            },
+            // relational <=,...
+            Operator(Token.Type.LTE, ++lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.LTE, a, b)
+            },
+            Operator(Token.Type.LT, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.LT, a, b)
+            },
+            Operator(Token.Type.GTE, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.GTE, a, b)
+            },
+            Operator(Token.Type.GT, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.GT, a, b)
+            },
             // in, is:
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.IN, lastPriority) { c, a, b -> ObjBool(b.contains(c, a)) },
+            Operator(Token.Type.IN, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.NOTIN, lastPriority) { c, a, b -> ObjBool(!b.contains(c, a)) },
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.IN, a, b)
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.IS, lastPriority) { _, a, b -> ObjBool(a.isInstanceOf(b)) },
+            },
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.NOTIS, lastPriority) { _, a, b -> ObjBool(!a.isInstanceOf(b)) },
+            Operator(Token.Type.NOTIN, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
-
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.NOTIN, a, b)
-            Operator(Token.Type.ELVIS, ++lastPriority, 2) { _: Pos, a: Accessor, b: Accessor ->
+            },
-                Accessor {
+            Operator(Token.Type.IS, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
-                    val aa = a.getter(it).value
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.IS, a, b)
-                    (
+            },
-                            if (aa != ObjNull) aa
+            Operator(Token.Type.NOTIS, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
-                            else b.getter(it).value
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.NOTIS, a, b)
-                            ).asReadonly
-                }
             },
 
-            // shuttle <=> 6
+            Operator(Token.Type.ELVIS, ++lastPriority, 2) { _, a, b ->
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.SHUTTLE, ++lastPriority) { c, a, b ->
+                ElvisRef(a, b)
-                ObjInt(a.compareTo(c, b).toLong())
             },
-            // bit shifts 7
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.PLUS, ++lastPriority) { ctx, a, b -> a.plus(ctx, b) },
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.MINUS, lastPriority) { ctx, a, b -> a.minus(ctx, b) },
 
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.STAR, ++lastPriority) { ctx, a, b -> a.mul(ctx, b) },
+            // shuttle <=>
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.SLASH, lastPriority) { ctx, a, b -> a.div(ctx, b) },
+            Operator(Token.Type.SHUTTLE, ++lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
-            Operator.simple(Token.Type.PERCENT, lastPriority) { ctx, a, b -> a.mod(ctx, b) },
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.SHUTTLE, a, b)
+            },
+            // arithmetic
+            Operator(Token.Type.PLUS, ++lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.PLUS, a, b)
+            },
+            Operator(Token.Type.MINUS, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.MINUS, a, b)
+            },
+            Operator(Token.Type.STAR, ++lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.STAR, a, b)
+            },
+            Operator(Token.Type.SLASH, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.SLASH, a, b)
+            },
+            Operator(Token.Type.PERCENT, lastPriority) { _, a, b ->
+                BinaryOpRef(BinOp.PERCENT, a, b)
+            },
         )
 
 //        private val assigner = allOps.first { it.tokenType == Token.Type.ASSIGN }

lynglib/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/ListEntry.kt

@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
 
 package net.sergeych.lyng
 
-import net.sergeych.lyng.obj.Accessor
+import net.sergeych.lyng.obj.ObjRef
 
 sealed class ListEntry {
-    data class Element(val accessor: Accessor) : ListEntry()
+    data class Element(val ref: ObjRef) : ListEntry()
 
-    data class Spread(val accessor: Accessor) : ListEntry()
+    data class Spread(val ref: ObjRef) : ListEntry()
 }

lynglib/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/Scope.kt

@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ open class Scope(
     var thisObj: Obj = ObjVoid,
     var skipScopeCreation: Boolean = false,
 ) {
+    // Fast-path storage for local variables/arguments accessed by slot index.
+    // Enabled by default for child scopes; module/class scopes can ignore it.
+    private val slots: MutableList<ObjRecord> = mutableListOf()
+    private val nameToSlot: MutableMap<String, Int> = mutableMapOf()
     open val packageName: String = "<anonymous package>"
 
     constructor(
@@ -89,8 +93,8 @@ open class Scope(
     }
 
     @Suppress("unused")
-    fun raiseNotFound(message: String="not found"): Nothing {
+    fun raiseNotFound(message: String = "not found"): Nothing {
-        throw ExecutionError(ObjNotFoundException(this,message))
+        throw ExecutionError(ObjNotFoundException(this, message))
     }
 
     inline fun <reified T : Obj> requiredArg(index: Int): T {
@@ -112,7 +116,7 @@ open class Scope(
     }
 
     fun requireNoArgs() {
-        if( args.list.isNotEmpty())
+        if (args.list.isNotEmpty())
             raiseError("This function does not accept any arguments")
     }
 
@@ -122,7 +126,7 @@ open class Scope(
             val t = s!!.thisObj
             if (t is T) return t
             s = s.parent
-        } while(s != null)
+        } while (s != null)
         raiseClassCastError("Cannot cast ${thisObj.objClass.className} to ${T::class.simpleName}")
     }
 
@@ -138,6 +142,20 @@ open class Scope(
                     )
         }
 
+    // Slot fast-path API
+    fun getSlotRecord(index: Int): ObjRecord = slots[index]
+    fun setSlotValue(index: Int, newValue: Obj) {
+        slots[index].value = newValue
+    }
+
+    fun getSlotIndexOf(name: String): Int? = nameToSlot[name]
+    fun allocateSlotFor(name: String, record: ObjRecord): Int {
+        val idx = slots.size
+        slots.add(record)
+        nameToSlot[name] = idx
+        return idx
+    }
+
     /**
      * Creates a new child scope using the provided arguments and optional `thisObj`.
      */
@@ -160,6 +178,24 @@ open class Scope(
      */
     fun createChildScope() = Scope(this, args, pos, thisObj)
 
+    /**
+     * Add or update ObjRecord with a given value checking rights. Created [ObjRecord] is mutable.
+     * Throws Lyng [ObjIllegalArgumentException] if yje [name] exists and readonly.
+     * @return ObjRector, new or updated.
+     */
+    fun addOrUpdateItem(
+        name: String,
+        value: Obj,
+        visibility: Visibility = Visibility.Public,
+        recordType: ObjRecord.Type = ObjRecord.Type.Other
+    ): ObjRecord =
+        objects[name]?.let {
+            if( !it.isMutable )
+                raiseIllegalAssignment("symbol is readonly: $name")
+            it.value = value
+            it
+        } ?: addItem(name, true, value, visibility, recordType)
+
     fun addItem(
         name: String,
         isMutable: Boolean,
@@ -167,7 +203,13 @@ open class Scope(
         visibility: Visibility = Visibility.Public,
         recordType: ObjRecord.Type = ObjRecord.Type.Other
     ): ObjRecord {
-        return ObjRecord(value, isMutable, visibility,type = recordType).also { objects[name] = it }
+        val rec = ObjRecord(value, isMutable, visibility, type = recordType)
+        objects[name] = rec
+        // Map to a slot for fast local access (if not already mapped)
+        if (getSlotIndexOf(name) == null) {
+            allocateSlotFor(name, rec)
+        }
+        return rec
     }
 
     fun getOrCreateNamespace(name: String): ObjClass {
@@ -236,15 +278,18 @@ open class Scope(
             parent?.currentImportProvider ?: throw IllegalStateException("this scope has no manager in the chain")
     }
 
-    val importManager by lazy { (currentImportProvider as? ImportManager)
+    val importManager by lazy {
-        ?: throw IllegalStateException("this scope has no manager in the chain (provided $currentImportProvider") }
+        (currentImportProvider as? ImportManager)
+            ?: throw IllegalStateException("this scope has no manager in the chain (provided $currentImportProvider")
+    }
 
     override fun toString(): String {
-        val contents = objects.entries.joinToString { "${if( it.value.isMutable ) "var" else "val" } ${it.key}=${it.value.value}" }
+        val contents =
+            objects.entries.joinToString { "${if (it.value.isMutable) "var" else "val"} ${it.key}=${it.value.value}" }
         return "S[this=$thisObj $contents]"
     }
 
-    fun trace(text: String="") {
+    fun trace(text: String = "") {
         println("trace Scope: $text ------------------")
         var p = this.parent
         var level = 0

lynglib/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/Script.kt

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package net.sergeych.lyng
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
 import kotlinx.coroutines.yield
+import net.sergeych.lyng.Script.Companion.defaultImportManager
 import net.sergeych.lyng.obj.*
 import net.sergeych.lyng.pacman.ImportManager
 import net.sergeych.lyng.stdlib_included.rootLyng
@@ -158,8 +159,11 @@ class Script(
 
             addVoidFn("assert") {
                 val cond = requiredArg<ObjBool>(0)
+                val message = if( args.size > 1 )
+                    ": " + (args[1] as Statement).execute(this).toString(this).value
+                else ""
                 if( !cond.value == true )
-                    raiseError(ObjAssertionFailedException(this,"Assertion failed"))
+                    raiseError(ObjAssertionFailedException(this, "Assertion failed$message"))
             }
 
             addVoidFn("assertEquals") {

lynglib/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/obj/Accessor.kt

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  *
  */
 
-
 package net.sergeych.lyng.obj
 
 import net.sergeych.lyng.Compiler
@@ -26,25 +25,36 @@ import net.sergeych.lyng.ScriptError
 // avoid KDOC bug: keep it
 @Suppress("unused")
 typealias DocCompiler = Compiler
-/**
- * When we need read-write access to an object in some abstract storage, we need Accessor,
- * as in-site assigning is not always sufficient, in general case we need to replace the object
- * in the storage.
- *
- * Note that assigning new value is more complex than just replacing the object, see how assignment
- * operator is implemented in [Compiler.allOps].
- */
-data class Accessor(
-    val getter: suspend (Scope) -> ObjRecord,
-    val setterOrNull: (suspend (Scope, Obj) -> Unit)?
-) {
-    /**
-     * Simplified constructor for immutable stores.
-     */
-    constructor(getter: suspend (Scope) -> ObjRecord) : this(getter, null)
 
-    /**
+/**
-     * Get the setter or throw.
+ * Final migration shim: make `Accessor` an alias to `ObjRef`.
-     */
+ * This preserves source compatibility while removing lambda-based indirection.
-    fun setter(pos: Pos) = setterOrNull ?: throw ScriptError(pos, "can't assign value")
+ */
+typealias Accessor = ObjRef
+
+/** Lambda-based reference for edge cases that still construct access via lambdas. */
+private class LambdaRef(
+    private val getterFn: suspend (Scope) -> ObjRecord,
+    private val setterFn: (suspend (Pos, Scope, Obj) -> Unit)? = null
+) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord = getterFn(scope)
+    override suspend fun setAt(pos: Pos, scope: Scope, newValue: Obj) {
+        val s = setterFn ?: throw ScriptError(pos, "can't assign value")
+        s(pos, scope, newValue)
+    }
+}
+
+// Factory functions to preserve current call sites like `Accessor { ... }`
+fun Accessor(getter: suspend (Scope) -> ObjRecord): Accessor = LambdaRef(getter)
+fun Accessor(
+    getter: suspend (Scope) -> ObjRecord,
+    setter: suspend (Scope, Obj) -> Unit
+): Accessor = LambdaRef(getter) { _, scope, value -> setter(scope, value) }
+
+// Compatibility shims used throughout Compiler: `.getter(...)` and `.setter(pos)`
+val Accessor.getter: suspend (Scope) -> ObjRecord
+    get() = { scope -> this.get(scope) }
+
+fun Accessor.setter(pos: Pos): suspend (Scope, Obj) -> Unit = { scope, newValue ->
+    this.setAt(pos, scope, newValue)
 }

lynglib/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/obj/ObjRef.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2025 Sergey S. Chernov
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package net.sergeych.lyng.obj
+
+import net.sergeych.lyng.*
+
+/**
+ * A reference to a value with optional write-back path.
+ * This is a sealed, allocation-light alternative to the lambda-based Accessor.
+ */
+sealed interface ObjRef {
+    suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord
+    suspend fun setAt(pos: Pos, scope: Scope, newValue: Obj) {
+        throw ScriptError(pos, "can't assign value")
+    }
+}
+
+/** Runtime-computed read-only reference backed by a lambda. */
+class ValueFnRef(private val fn: suspend (Scope) -> ObjRecord) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord = fn(scope)
+}
+
+/** Unary operations supported by ObjRef. */
+enum class UnaryOp { NOT, NEGATE }
+
+/** Binary operations supported by ObjRef. */
+enum class BinOp {
+    OR, AND,
+    EQARROW, EQ, NEQ, REF_EQ, REF_NEQ, MATCH, NOTMATCH,
+    LTE, LT, GTE, GT,
+    IN, NOTIN,
+    IS, NOTIS,
+    SHUTTLE,
+    PLUS, MINUS, STAR, SLASH, PERCENT
+}
+
+/** R-value reference for unary operations. */
+class UnaryOpRef(private val op: UnaryOp, private val a: ObjRef) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val v = a.get(scope).value
+        val r = when (op) {
+            UnaryOp.NOT -> v.logicalNot(scope)
+            UnaryOp.NEGATE -> v.negate(scope)
+        }
+        return r.asReadonly
+    }
+}
+
+/** R-value reference for binary operations. */
+class BinaryOpRef(private val op: BinOp, private val left: ObjRef, private val right: ObjRef) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val a = left.get(scope).value
+        val b = right.get(scope).value
+        val r: Obj = when (op) {
+            BinOp.OR -> a.logicalOr(scope, b)
+            BinOp.AND -> a.logicalAnd(scope, b)
+            BinOp.EQARROW -> ObjMapEntry(a, b)
+            BinOp.EQ -> ObjBool(a.compareTo(scope, b) == 0)
+            BinOp.NEQ -> ObjBool(a.compareTo(scope, b) != 0)
+            BinOp.REF_EQ -> ObjBool(a === b)
+            BinOp.REF_NEQ -> ObjBool(a !== b)
+            BinOp.MATCH -> a.operatorMatch(scope, b)
+            BinOp.NOTMATCH -> a.operatorNotMatch(scope, b)
+            BinOp.LTE -> ObjBool(a.compareTo(scope, b) <= 0)
+            BinOp.LT -> ObjBool(a.compareTo(scope, b) < 0)
+            BinOp.GTE -> ObjBool(a.compareTo(scope, b) >= 0)
+            BinOp.GT -> ObjBool(a.compareTo(scope, b) > 0)
+            BinOp.IN -> ObjBool(b.contains(scope, a))
+            BinOp.NOTIN -> ObjBool(!b.contains(scope, a))
+            BinOp.IS -> ObjBool(a.isInstanceOf(b))
+            BinOp.NOTIS -> ObjBool(!a.isInstanceOf(b))
+            BinOp.SHUTTLE -> ObjInt(a.compareTo(scope, b).toLong())
+            BinOp.PLUS -> a.plus(scope, b)
+            BinOp.MINUS -> a.minus(scope, b)
+            BinOp.STAR -> a.mul(scope, b)
+            BinOp.SLASH -> a.div(scope, b)
+            BinOp.PERCENT -> a.mod(scope, b)
+        }
+        return r.asReadonly
+    }
+}
+
+/** Assignment compound op: target op= value */
+class AssignOpRef(
+    private val op: BinOp,
+    private val target: ObjRef,
+    private val value: ObjRef,
+    private val atPos: Pos,
+) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val x = target.get(scope).value
+        val y = value.get(scope).value
+        val inPlace: Obj? = when (op) {
+            BinOp.PLUS -> x.plusAssign(scope, y)
+            BinOp.MINUS -> x.minusAssign(scope, y)
+            BinOp.STAR -> x.mulAssign(scope, y)
+            BinOp.SLASH -> x.divAssign(scope, y)
+            BinOp.PERCENT -> x.modAssign(scope, y)
+            else -> null
+        }
+        if (inPlace != null) return inPlace.asReadonly
+        val result: Obj = when (op) {
+            BinOp.PLUS -> x.plus(scope, y)
+            BinOp.MINUS -> x.minus(scope, y)
+            BinOp.STAR -> x.mul(scope, y)
+            BinOp.SLASH -> x.div(scope, y)
+            BinOp.PERCENT -> x.mod(scope, y)
+            else -> scope.raiseError("unsupported assignment op: $op")
+        }
+        target.setAt(atPos, scope, result)
+        return result.asReadonly
+    }
+}
+
+/** Pre/post ++/-- on l-values */
+class IncDecRef(
+    private val target: ObjRef,
+    private val isIncrement: Boolean,
+    private val isPost: Boolean,
+    private val atPos: Pos,
+) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val rec = target.get(scope)
+        if (!rec.isMutable) scope.raiseError("Cannot ${if (isIncrement) "increment" else "decrement"} immutable value")
+        val v = rec.value
+        val one = ObjInt.One
+        return if (v.isConst) {
+            // Mirror existing semantics in Compiler for const values
+            val result = if (isIncrement) v.plus(scope, one) else v.minus(scope, one)
+            // write back
+            target.setAt(atPos, scope, result)
+            // For post-inc: previous code returned NEW value; for pre-inc: returned ORIGINAL value
+            if (isPost) result.asReadonly else v.asReadonly
+        } else {
+            val res = when {
+                isIncrement && isPost -> v.getAndIncrement(scope)
+                isIncrement && !isPost -> v.incrementAndGet(scope)
+                !isIncrement && isPost -> v.getAndDecrement(scope)
+                else -> v.decrementAndGet(scope)
+            }
+            res.asReadonly
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/** Elvis operator reference: a ?: b */
+class ElvisRef(private val left: ObjRef, private val right: ObjRef) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val a = left.get(scope).value
+        val r = if (a != ObjNull) a else right.get(scope).value
+        return r.asReadonly
+    }
+}
+
+/** Logical OR with short-circuit: a || b */
+class LogicalOrRef(private val left: ObjRef, private val right: ObjRef) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val a = left.get(scope).value
+        if ((a as? ObjBool)?.value == true) return ObjTrue.asReadonly
+        val b = right.get(scope).value
+        return a.logicalOr(scope, b).asReadonly
+    }
+}
+
+/** Logical AND with short-circuit: a && b */
+class LogicalAndRef(private val left: ObjRef, private val right: ObjRef) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val a = left.get(scope).value
+        if ((a as? ObjBool)?.value == false) return ObjFalse.asReadonly
+        val b = right.get(scope).value
+        return a.logicalAnd(scope, b).asReadonly
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read-only reference that always returns the same cached record.
+ */
+class ConstRef(private val record: ObjRecord) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord = record
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reference to an object's field with optional chaining.
+ */
+class FieldRef(
+    private val target: ObjRef,
+    private val name: String,
+    private val isOptional: Boolean,
+) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val base = target.get(scope).value
+        return if (base == ObjNull && isOptional) ObjNull.asMutable else base.readField(scope, name)
+    }
+
+    override suspend fun setAt(pos: Pos, scope: Scope, newValue: Obj) {
+        val base = target.get(scope).value
+        if (base == ObjNull && isOptional) {
+            // no-op on null receiver for optional chaining assignment
+            return
+        }
+        base.writeField(scope, name, newValue)
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reference to index access (a[i]) with optional chaining.
+ */
+class IndexRef(
+    private val target: ObjRef,
+    private val index: ObjRef,
+    private val isOptional: Boolean,
+) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val base = target.get(scope).value
+        if (base == ObjNull && isOptional) return ObjNull.asMutable
+        val idx = index.get(scope).value
+        return base.getAt(scope, idx).asMutable
+    }
+
+    override suspend fun setAt(pos: Pos, scope: Scope, newValue: Obj) {
+        val base = target.get(scope).value
+        if (base == ObjNull && isOptional) {
+            // no-op on null receiver for optional chaining assignment
+            return
+        }
+        val idx = index.get(scope).value
+        base.putAt(scope, idx, newValue)
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * R-value reference that wraps a Statement (used during migration for expressions parsed as Statement).
+ */
+class StatementRef(private val statement: Statement) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord = statement.execute(scope).asReadonly
+}
+
+/**
+ * Direct function call reference: f(args) and optional f?(args).
+ */
+class CallRef(
+    private val target: ObjRef,
+    private val args: List<ParsedArgument>,
+    private val tailBlock: Boolean,
+    private val isOptionalInvoke: Boolean,
+) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val callee = target.get(scope).value
+        if (callee == ObjNull && isOptionalInvoke) return ObjNull.asReadonly
+        val callArgs = args.toArguments(scope, tailBlock)
+        val result = callee.callOn(scope.createChildScope(scope.pos, callArgs))
+        return result.asReadonly
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Instance method call reference: obj.method(args) and optional obj?.method(args).
+ */
+class MethodCallRef(
+    private val receiver: ObjRef,
+    private val name: String,
+    private val args: List<ParsedArgument>,
+    private val tailBlock: Boolean,
+    private val isOptional: Boolean,
+) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val base = receiver.get(scope).value
+        if (base == ObjNull && isOptional) return ObjNull.asReadonly
+        val callArgs = args.toArguments(scope, tailBlock)
+        val result = base.invokeInstanceMethod(scope, name, callArgs)
+        return result.asReadonly
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reference to a local/visible variable by name (Phase A: scope lookup).
+ */
+class LocalVarRef(private val name: String, private val atPos: Pos) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        scope.pos = atPos
+        // Fast-path: slot lookup
+        scope.getSlotIndexOf(name)?.let { return scope.getSlotRecord(it) }
+        return scope[name] ?: scope.raiseError("symbol not defined: '$name'")
+    }
+
+    override suspend fun setAt(pos: Pos, scope: Scope, newValue: Obj) {
+        scope.pos = atPos
+        // Fast-path: slot lookup
+        scope.getSlotIndexOf(name)?.let {
+            val rec = scope.getSlotRecord(it)
+            if (!rec.isMutable) scope.raiseError("Cannot assign to immutable value")
+            rec.value = newValue
+            return
+        }
+        val stored = scope[name] ?: scope.raiseError("symbol not defined: '$name'")
+        if (stored.isMutable) stored.value = newValue
+        else scope.raiseError("Cannot assign to immutable value")
+    }
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Array/list literal construction without per-access lambdas.
+ */
+class ListLiteralRef(private val entries: List<ListEntry>) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val list = mutableListOf<Obj>()
+        for (e in entries) {
+            when (e) {
+                is ListEntry.Element -> {
+                    list += e.ref.get(scope).value
+                }
+                is ListEntry.Spread -> {
+                    val elements = e.ref.get(scope).value
+                    when (elements) {
+                        is ObjList -> list.addAll(elements.list)
+                        else -> scope.raiseError("Spread element must be list")
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ObjList(list).asReadonly
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Range literal: left .. right or left ..< right. Right may be omitted in certain contexts.
+ */
+class RangeRef(
+    private val left: ObjRef?,
+    private val right: ObjRef?,
+    private val isEndInclusive: Boolean
+) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val l = left?.get(scope)?.value ?: ObjNull
+        val r = right?.get(scope)?.value ?: ObjNull
+        return ObjRange(l, r, isEndInclusive = isEndInclusive).asReadonly
+    }
+}
+
+/** Simple assignment: target = value */
+class AssignRef(
+    private val target: ObjRef,
+    private val value: ObjRef,
+    private val atPos: Pos,
+) : ObjRef {
+    override suspend fun get(scope: Scope): ObjRecord {
+        val v = value.get(scope).value
+        val rec = target.get(scope)
+        if (!rec.isMutable) throw ScriptError(atPos, "cannot assign to immutable variable")
+        if (rec.value.assign(scope, v) == null) {
+            target.setAt(atPos, scope, v)
+        }
+        return v.asReadonly
+    }
+}

lynglib/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/obj/ObjRegex.kt

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class ObjRegex(val regex: Regex) : Obj() {
 
     override suspend fun operatorMatch(scope: Scope, other: Obj): Obj {
         return regex.find(other.cast<ObjString>(scope).value)?.let {
-            scope.addConst("$~", ObjRegexMatch(it))
+            scope.addOrUpdateItem("$~", ObjRegexMatch(it))
             ObjTrue
         } ?: ObjFalse
     }
@@ -60,8 +60,10 @@ class ObjRegexMatch(val match: MatchResult) : Obj() {
     override val objClass = type
 
     val objGroups: ObjList by lazy {
+        // Use groupValues so that index 0 is the whole match and subsequent indices are capturing groups,
+        // which matches the language/tests expectation for `$~[i]`.
         ObjList(
-            match.groups.map { it?.let { ObjString(it.value) } ?: ObjNull }.toMutableList()
+            match.groupValues.map { ObjString(it) as Obj }.toMutableList()
         )
     }
 

lynglib/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/lyng/obj/ObjString.kt

@@ -181,7 +181,10 @@ data class ObjString(val value: String) : Obj() {
                         is ObjRegex -> self.matches(s.regex)
                         is ObjString -> {
                             if (s.value == ".*") true
-                            else self.matches(s.value.toRegex())
+                            else {
+                                val re = s.value.toRegex()
+                                self.matches(re)
+                            }
                         }
 
                         else ->

lynglib/src/commonMain/kotlin/net/sergeych/tools/bm.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package net.sergeych.tools
+
+import kotlinx.datetime.Clock
+
+inline fun bm(text: String="", f: ()->Unit) {
+    val start = Clock.System.now()
+    f()
+    println("$text: ${Clock.System.now() - start}")
+}

lynglib/src/commonTest/kotlin/ScriptTest.kt

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runTest
 import net.sergeych.lyng.*
 import net.sergeych.lyng.obj.*
 import net.sergeych.lyng.pacman.InlineSourcesImportProvider
+import net.sergeych.tools.bm
 import kotlin.test.*
 
 class ScriptTest {
@@ -812,7 +813,8 @@ class ScriptTest {
         assertEquals(6, c.eval("x").toInt())
         assertEquals(6, c.eval("x++").toInt())
         assertEquals(7, c.eval("x++").toInt())
-        assertEquals(8, c.eval("x")
+        assertEquals(
+            8, c.eval("x")
             .also {
                 println("${it.toDouble()} ${it.toInt()} ${it.toLong()} ${it.toInt()}")
             }
@@ -2252,19 +2254,35 @@ class ScriptTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testMatchOperator() = runTest {
-        eval("""
+        eval(
+            """
             assert( "abc123".matches(".*\d{3}") )
             assert( ".*\d{3}".re =~ "abc123" )
             assert( "abc123" =~ ".*\d{3}".re )
             assert( "abc123" !~ ".*\d{4}".re )
 
+
+            println($~)
+
+            "abc123" =~ ".*(\d)(\d)(\d)$".re
+            println($~)
+            assertEquals("1", $~[1])
+            """
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testMatchingOperator2() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
             "abc123" =~ ".*(\d)(\d)(\d)$".re
             println($~)
             assertEquals("1", $~[1])
             assertEquals("2", $~[2])
             assertEquals("3", $~[3])
             assertEquals("abc123", $~[0])
-        """.trimIndent())
+        """.trimIndent()
+        )
     }
 
 //    @Test
@@ -3314,26 +3332,31 @@ class ScriptTest {
     }
 
 
-    //    @Test
+//    @Test
-//    fun testMinimumOptimization() = runTest {
+    fun testMinimumOptimization() = runTest {
-//        val x = Scope().eval(
+        for (i in 1..200) {
-//            """
+            bm {
-//                fun naiveCountHappyNumbers() {
+                val x = Scope().eval(
-//                    var count = 0
+                    """
-//                    for( n1 in 0..9 )
+                fun naiveCountHappyNumbers() {
-//                        for( n2 in 0..9 )
+                    var count = 0
-//                            for( n3 in 0..9 )
+                    for( n1 in 0..9 )
-//                                for( n4 in 0..9 )
+                        for( n2 in 0..9 )
-//                                    for( n5 in 0..9 )
+                            for( n3 in 0..9 )
-//                                        for( n6 in 0..9 )
+                                for( n4 in 0..9 )
-//                                            if( n1 + n2 + n3 == n4 + n5 + n6 ) count++
+                                    for( n5 in 0..9 )
-//                    count
+                                        for( n6 in 0..9 )
-//                }
+                                            if( n1 + n2 + n3 == n4 + n5 + n6 ) count++
-//                naiveCountHappyNumbers()
+                    count
-//            """.trimIndent()
+                }
-//        ).toInt()
+                naiveCountHappyNumbers()
-//        assertEquals(55252, x)
+            """.trimIndent()
-//    }
+                ).toInt()
+                assertEquals(55252, x)
+            }
+            delay(10)
+        }
+    }
 
     @Test
     fun testRegex1() = runTest {

lynglib/src/commonTest/kotlin/ScriptTest_OptionalAssign.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Tests for optional chaining assignment semantics (no-op on null receiver)
+ */
+
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runTest
+import net.sergeych.lyng.eval
+import kotlin.test.Test
+
+class ScriptTest_OptionalAssign {
+
+    @Test
+    fun optionalFieldAssignIsNoOp() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            class C { var x = 1 }
+            var c = null
+            // should be no-op and not throw
+            c?.x = 5
+            assertEquals(null, c?.x)
+            // non-null receiver should work as usual
+            c = C()
+            c?.x = 7
+            assertEquals(7, c.x)
+            """.trimIndent()
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun optionalIndexAssignIsNoOp() = runTest {
+        eval(
+            """
+            var a = null
+            // should be no-op and not throw
+            a?[0] = 42
+            assertEquals(null, a?[0])
+            // non-null receiver should work as usual
+            a = [1,2,3]
+            a?[1] = 99
+            assertEquals(99, a[1])
+            """.trimIndent()
+        )
+    }
+}